Abdurreshid Ibrahim
 Abdurreshid Ibrahim or Ibragimov (Russian: Абдурашид Гумерович Ибрагимов, Tatar: Габдрәшит Ибраһимов, Siberian Tatar: Әптрәшит Ипрағимов; 1857 – 1944) was a Russian-born Tatar Muslim alim, journalist, and traveller who initiated a movement in the first decade of the 20th century to unite the Crimean Tatars.[1] He visited Japan during Meiji period and became the first imam of the Tokyo Mosque. BiographyAbdurreshid Ibrahim, or Ibragimov, was born on April 23, 1857, in the town of Tara, which is now in the Omsk Oblast. His ancestors were Turkic people by language and origin, and he identified himself as a Tatar. His father Gumer (Ğomär, i.e., Omar) was descended from the Siberian Bukharans.[2] He started school at seven and at the age of 10 entered the Almenevo village madrasa. Orphaned at 17, he left for Tyumen, where he continued his studies at the Yana Avyl madrasa, and then at the Qışqar village madrasa (now in the Arsky District of Tatarstan).[2] In 1878–1879, he was a teacher in the Akmolinsk Oblast. In the Middle EastIn 1879–1885, he continued his education in Medina, Mecca and Istanbul.[3] He returned to Russia in 1885, and from then on, he served as the imam-khatib of the cathedral mosque in Tara, where he was also taught at a madrasa. In 1892–1894, he served as the qadi of the Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly.[3] In his youth, Ibragimov followed Jadid ideas and aimed to liberate all Muslim peoples from colonial oppression by "infidels". He visited the Ottoman Empire in 1897 to create a united anti-Russian Muslim front and traveled extensively throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. In 1898, he was entitled to participate at the election of the public members of the Tara Town Council for the second four years term for 1898–1902. In 1900, he began publishing the Chagatai-language magazine Mir'at (Mirror) in Saint Petersburg.[3] In 1902, he was entitled to participate at the elections of the public members of the Tara Town Council for the third four-year term for 1902–1906. In 1902, Ibragimov, becoming an uncomfortable figure for Turkey, received the order from Sultan Abdul-Hamid II to leave the Ottoman Empire. In 1902–1903, he visited Japan for the first time, where he participated in anti-Russian propaganda. For this reason, Ibragimov, at the request of the Russian consul in Japan, was expelled from the country. Arriving in Istanbul in 1904, he was arrested, handed over to the Russian consul and sent under guard to Odessa. At the turn of 1905-1906 Ibrahimov was released. Being the former board member of the Muslim community of Orenburg, he became one of the leaders of the Ittifaq al-Muslimin movement and the organizer of several Muslim congresses. At the First All-Russian Muslim Congress in Nizhny Novgorod, A. Ibragimov's main rival was Ayaz Ishaki. From 1905 to 1907, he was a member of the central committee of the Muslim party Ittifaq al-Muslimin (Union of The Muslims). In his book Alem-i İslâm, Abdur-Reshid Ibrahim defended Siddiq Hasan Khan (Nawab of Bhopal) from his detractors saying that; Khan was a pious Muslim whose enemies only hated him because he forbade them from the worship of stones and graves.[4][5] Trip to ChinaAbdurreshid visited China in 1909. He stayed there from June to September trying to learn more about Chinese Muslims. He developed an amicable relationship with Wang Kuan, an ahong (Muslim cleric) at the Oxen Street Mosque in Beijing, though he was critical of Wang Kuan's Arabic skills.[6] While he praised the commitment of Chinese Muslims to Islamic rules, he felt that the Chinese ahongs were stubborn when corrected, saying that:
He was also critical of their traditional narrative of the entry of Islam into China:
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