Catskill Formation

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Catskill Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Devonian (Late Famennian) PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Outcrop of the Irish Valley Member of the Catskill Formation along the Horseshoe Curve, Blair County, Pennsylvania
Type	sedimentary
Underlies	Rockwell Formation, Huntley Mountain Formation, Pocono Formation, Spechty Kopf Formation
Overlies	Foreknobs Formation, Lock Haven Formation, Trimmers Rock Formation
Thickness	Up to 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Other	Siltstone, shale
Location
Region	Appalachian Mountains
Country	United States
Extent	Pennsylvania, New York (state)
Type section
Named for	Catskill Mountains, New York

The Devonian Catskill Formation or the Catskill Clastic Wedge is a unit of mostly terrestrial sedimentary rock found in Pennsylvania and New York. Minor marine layers exist in this thick rock unit (up to 10,000 feet (3,000 m)). It is equivalent to the Hampshire Formation of Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia.

The Catskill is the largest bedrock unit of the Upper Devonian in northeast Pennsylvania and the Catskill region of New York, from which its name is derived. The Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania are largely underlain by this unit as well. The rocks of the Catskill are a clastic wedge of predominantly red sandstone, indicating a large-scale terrestrial deposition during the Acadian orogeny. Many beds are cyclical in nature, preserving the record of a dynamic environment during its approximately 20 million years of deposition.

The Catskill Formation preserves a highly diverse paleobiota, including many early sarcopterygians (especially tetrapodomorphs), providing important evidence about the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates. The formation also provides important fossils about the evolution of land plants.^[1]

During the Devonian period, the Catskill Delta was formed by a series of river deltas and otherwise marshy terrain. This terrain was sandwiched between the epicontinental Kaskaskia Sea in central North America and the now-vanished Acadian Mountains. Erosion brought sediment from the mountain westwards into the sea, forming the deltas.

Eventually, the Delta formation was buried and transformed into sandstone, which was then revealed in places when the Catskill and Appalachian Mountains were formed at a later date. This transformation and uncovering is the primary reason why the Catskill Delta is notable in the present. Western Pennsylvania's petroleum was formed as a consequence. This was the first major oil region to be developed.

The Catskill was once considered to be related to the Old Red Sandstone, but in actuality, the two are only coincidentally similar. Both formed at approximately the same time, and under similar conditions: to the north of the Acadian Mountains were the Caledonian Mountains, and a similar region of marsh and river delta formed there.

Though both mountain ranges were formed during the Acadian orogeny, the Catskill Mountains, unlike the Appalachian Mountains underwent glacial erosion.^[2] Much of what formed the Catskills as they stand today is a result of the Wisconsin glaciation which ended only about 12,000 years ago.^[3]

There are many signs of the Glacial period event which carved the current day Catskill Mountains.

These markers include:

• Glacial Erratics such as the Devils Tombstone^[3]
• Striations
• "Dance Floors" such as Pratt Rock^[3]
• Terminal moraines

Towamensing, Walcksville, Beaverdam Run, Long Run, Packerton, Poplar Gap, Sawmill Run, Berry Run, Clarks Ferry, and Duncannon.

Irish Valley, Sherman Creek, Buddys Run, Clarks Ferry, and Duncannon.

Geologic cross section of upper to middle Devonian strata from Cherry Valley, New York, south-southwest across the Allegheny Plateau and then along the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians to Tennessee. The Catskill Formation is at the top.^[4]

Placoderms of the Catskill Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Bothriolepis	B. sp.	Mansfield, Tioga County, Pennsylvania	Abundant material, including mass mortality of hatchlings.[8]	A bothriolepidid. Species unknown, though sometimes referred to as B. nitida.[9]
Groenlandaspis	G. pennsylvanica[9]			A groenlandaspidid.
Phyllolepis	P. rossimontina			A phyllolepidid.
	P. thomsoni[10]		Articulated skeleton.
Turrisaspis	T. elektor[9]			A groenlandaspidid.

Acanthodians of the Catskill Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Gyracanthus	G. cf. sherwoodi[9]			A gyracanthid.

Chondrichthyans of the Catskill Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Ageleodus	A. pectinatus	Red Hill Locality, Clinton County, Pennsylvainia	Teeth	A holocephalan of uncertain affinities.
Ctenacanthus	C. sp.			A ctenacanthiform elasmobranch.[9]

Sarcopterygians of the Catskill Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Material	Notes	Images
Apatorhynchus	A. opistheretmus	Apatorhynchus-type locality, Tioga County, Pennsylvania	Holotype is a partial skull, 1 specimen.	A lungfish of uncertain affinities.[12]
Densignathus	D. rowei			A stegocephalian tetrapodomorph.[13]
Eusthenodon	E. bourdoni[14]			A tristichopterid tetrapodomorph.
	E. leganihanne[15]
Hyneria	H. lindae	Red Hill Site, Clinton County, Pennsylvainia	Holotype is a disarticulated skull and 3D body fossil.	A tristichopterid tetrapodomorph.
Hynerpeton	H. bassetti			A stegocephalian tetrapodomorph.[16]
Langlieria	L. radiata			A tristichopterid tetrapodomorph. Originally identified as Holoptychius.[17]
	L. smalingi[18]	Irish Valley Member
Megalichthys	M. mullisoni			A megalichthyid tetrapodomorph.[19]
Sauripterus	S. taylori	Sherman Creek Locality, Lycoming County, Pennsylvainia	The Holotype is an articulated limb and 3 scales, there are 3 individuals.	A rhizodontid tetrapodomorph.[20]
Soederberghia	S. groenlandica	Catskill Formation, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania		A rhynchodipterid lungfish.[12]
Sterropterygion	S. brandei			An indeterminate osteolepiform tetrapodomorph.[19]

• Depositional environments in the Catskill Clastic Wedge
• Devonian Times Website summarize about Red Hill Shale in Catskill Formation