Homogeneous alignment
In liquid crystals homogeneous alignment, sometimes called planar alignment, is the state of alignment where molecules align in parallel to a substrate. The opposite method is homeotropic alignment.[1] For planar alignment - polyimides can be used. One of the popular ones is PI-2555. The surface has to be rubbed by paper or by a velvet or similar cloth in order to make the alignment axis parallel to the rubbing.[1] However the exact mechanism of this alignment is not entirely clear. References
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