Ionization energies of the elements (data page) List of energies required to remove successive electrons from each atom
Numerical values
For each atom, the column marked 1 is the first ionization energy to ionize the neutral atom, the column marked 2 is the second ionization energy to remove a second electron from the +1 ion, the column marked 3 is the third ionization energy to remove a third electron from the +2 ion, and so on.
"use" and "WEL" give ionization energy in the unit kJ/mol ; "CRC" gives atomic ionization energy in the unit eV .[ 1]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1 H hydrogen [ 2] [ 3]
use
1312.0
WEL
1312.0
CRC
13.59844[ 4]
2 He helium [ 2] [ 3]
use
2372.3
5250.5
WEL
2372.3
5250.5
CRC
24.58738[ 5]
54.41776[ 5]
3 Li lithium [ 2] [ 3]
use
520.2
7298.1
11815.0
WEL
520.2
7298.1
11815.0
CRC
5.39171[ 6]
75.64009[ 7]
122.45435[ 8]
4 Be beryllium [ 2] [ 3]
use
899.5
1757.1
14848.7
21006.6
WEL
899.5
1757.1
14848.7
21006.6
CRC
9.32269[ 9]
18.21115
153.89620
217.71858
5 B boron
use
800.6
2427.1
3659.7
25025.8
32826.7
WEL
800.6
2427.1
3659.7
25025.8
32826.7
CRC
8.29803
25.15484
37.93064
259.37521
340.22580
6 C carbon
use
1086.5
2352.6
4620.5
6222.7
37831
47277.0
WEL
1086.5
2352.6
4620.5
6222.7
37831
47277.0
CRC
11.26030
24.38332
47.8878
64.4939
392.087
489.99334
7 N nitrogen
use
1402.3
2856
4578.1
7475.0
9444.9
53266.6
64360
WEL
1402.3
2856
4578.1
7475.0
9444.9
53266.6
64360
CRC
14.53414
29.6013
47.44924
77.4735
97.8902
552.0718
667.046
8 O oxygen
use
1313.9
3388.3
5300.5
7469.2
10989.5
13326.5
71330
84078.0
WEL
1313.9
3388.3
5300.5
7469.2
10989.5
13326.5
71330
84078.0
CRC
13.61806
35.11730
54.9355
77.41353
113.8990
138.1197
739.29
871.4101
9 F fluorine
use
1681.0
3374.2
6050.4
8407.7
11022.7
15164.1
17868
92038.1
106434.3
WEL
1681.0
3374.2
6050.4
8407.7
11022.7
15164.1
17868
92038.1
106434.3
CRC
17.42282
34.97082
62.7084
87.1398
114.2428
157.1651
185.186
953.9112
1103.1176
10 Ne neon
use
2080.7
3952.3
6122
9371
12177
15238
19999.0
23069.5
115379.5
131432
WEL
2080.7
3952.3
6122
9371
12177
15238
19999.0
23069.5
115379.5
131432
CRC
21.5646
40.96328
63.45
97.12
126.21
157.93
207.2759
239.0989
1195.8286
1362.1995
11 Na sodium
use
495.8
4562
6910.3
9543
13354
16613
20117
25496
28932
141362
159076
WEL
495.8
4562
6910.3
9543
13354
16613
20117
25496
28932
141362
CRC
5.13908
47.2864
71.6200
98.91
138.40
172.18
208.50
264.25
299.864
1465.121
1648.702
12 Mg magnesium
use
737.7
1450.7
7732.7
10542.5
13630
18020
21711
25661
31653
35458
169988
189368
WEL
737.7
1450.7
7732.7
10542.5
13630
18020
21711
25661
31653
35458
CRC
7.64624
15.03528
80.1437
109.2655
141.27
186.76
225.02
265.96
328.06
367.50
1761.805
1962.6650
13 Al aluminium
use
577.5
1816.7
2744.8
11577
14842
18379
23326
27465
31853
38473
42647
201266
222316
WEL
577.5
1816.7
2744.8
11577
14842
18379
23326
27465
31853
38473
CRC
5.98577
18.82856
28.44765
119.992
153.825
190.49
241.76
284.66
330.13
398.75
442.00
2085.98
2304.1410
14 Si silicon
use
786.5
1577.1
3231.6
4355.5
16091
19805
23780
29287
33878
38726
45962
50502
235196
257923
WEL
786.5
1577.1
3231.6
4355.5
16091
19805
23780
29287
33878
38726
CRC
8.15169
16.34585
33.49302
45.14181
166.767
205.27
246.5
303.54
351.12
401.37
476.36
523.42
2437.63
2673.182
15 P phosphorus
use
1011.8
1907
2914.1
4963.6
6273.9
21267
25431
29872
35905
40950
46261
54110
59024
271791
296195
WEL
1011.8
1907
2914.1
4963.6
6273.9
21267
25431
29872
35905
40950
CRC
10.48669
19.7694
30.2027
51.4439
65.0251
220.421
263.57
309.60
372.13
424.4
479.46
560.8
611.74
2816.91
3069.842
16 S sulfur
use
999.6
2252
3357
4556
7004.3
8495.8
27107
31719
36621
43177
48710
54460
62930
68216
311048
337138
WEL
999.6
2252
3357
4556
7004.3
8495.8
27107
31719
36621
43177
CRC
10.36001
23.3379
34.79
47.222
72.5945
88.0530
280.948
328.75
379.55
447.5
504.8
564.44
652.2
707.01
3223.78
3494.1892
17 Cl chlorine
use
1251.2
2298
3822
5158.6
6542
9362
11018
33604
38600
43961
51068
57119
63363
72341
78095
352994
380760
WEL
1251.2
2298
3822
5158.6
6542
9362
11018
33604
38600
43961
CRC
12.96764
23.814
39.61
53.4652
67.8
97.03
114.1958
348.28
400.06
455.63
529.28
591.99
656.71
749.76
809.40
3658.521
3946.2960
18 Ar argon
use
1520.6
2665.8
3931
5771
7238
8781
11995
13842
40760
46186
52002
59653
66199
72918
82473
88576
397605
427066
WEL
1520.6
2665.8
3931
5771
7238
8781
11995
13842
40760
46186
CRC
15.75962
27.62967
40.74
59.81
75.02
91.009
124.323
143.460
422.45
478.69
538.96
618.26
686.10
755.74
854.77
918.03
4120.8857
4426.2296
19 K potassium
use
418.8
3052
4420
5877
7975
9590
11343
14944
16963.7
48610
54490
60730
68950
75900
83080
93400
99710
444880
476063
WEL
418.8
3052
4420
5877
7975
9590
11343
14944
16963.7
48610
CRC
4.34066
31.63
45.806
60.91
82.66
99.4
117.56
154.88
175.8174
503.8
564.7
629.4
714.6
786.6
861.1
968
1033.4
4610.8
4934.046
20 Ca calcium
use
589.8
1145.4
4912.4
6491
8153
10496
12270
14206
18191
20385
57110
63410
70110
78890
86310
94000
104900
111711
494850
527762
WEL
589.8
1145.4
4912.4
6491
8153
10496
12270
14206
18191
20385
57110
CRC
6.11316
11.87172
50.9131
67.27
84.50
108.78
127.2
147.24
188.54
211.275
591.9
657.2
726.6
817.6
894.5
974
1087
1157.8
5128.8
5469.864
21 Sc scandium
use
633.1
1235.0
2388.6
7090.6
8843
10679
13310
15250
17370
21726
24102
66320
73010
80160
89490
97400
105600
117000
124270
547530
582163
WEL
633.1
1235.0
2388.6
7090.6
8843
10679
13310
15250
17370
21726
24102
66320
73010
80160
89490
97400
105600
117000
124270
547530
582163
CRC
6.5615
12.79967
24.75666
73.4894
91.65
110.68
138.0
158.1
180.03
225.18
249.798
687.36
756.7
830.8
927.5
1009
1094
1213
1287.97
5674.8
6033.712
22 Ti titanium
use
658.8
1309.8
2652.5
4174.6
9581
11533
13590
16440
18530
20833
25575
28125
76015
83280
90880
100700
109100
117800
129900
137530
602930
639294
WEL
658.8
1309.8
2652.5
4174.6
9581
11533
13590
16440
18530
20833
25575
28125
76015
83280
90880
100700
109100
117800
129900
137530
602930
CRC
6.8281
13.5755
27.4917
43.2672
99.30
119.53
140.8
170.4
192.1
215.92
265.07
291.500
787.84
863.1
941.9
1044
1131
1221
1346
1425.4
6249.0
6625.82
23 V vanadium
use
650.9
1414
2830
4507
6298.7
12363
14530
16730
19860
22240
24670
29730
32446
86450
94170
102300
112700
121600
130700
143400
151440
661050
699144
WEL
650.9
1414
2830
4507
6298.7
12363
14530
16730
19860
22240
24670
29730
32446
86450
94170
102300
112700
121600
130700
143400
151440
CRC
6.7462
14.66
29.311
46.709
65.2817
128.13
150.6
173.4
205.8
230.5
255.7
308.1
336.277
896.0
976
1060
1168
1260
1355
1486
1569.6
6851.3
7246.12
24 Cr chromium
use
652.9
1590.6
2987
4743
6702
8744.9
15455
17820
20190
23580
26130
28750
34230
37066
97510
105800
114300
125300
134700
144300
157700
166090
721870
761733
WEL
652.9
1590.6
2987
4743
6702
8744.9
15455
17820
20190
23580
26130
28750
34230
37066
97510
105800
114300
125300
134700
144300
157700
CRC
6.7665
16.4857
30.96
49.16
69.46
90.6349
160.18
184.7
209.3
244.4
270.8
298.0
354.8
384.168
1010.6
1097
1185
1299
1396
1496
1634
1721.4
7481.7
7894.81
25 Mn manganese
use
717.3
1509.0
3248
4940
6990
9220
11500
18770
21400
23960
27590
30330
33150
38880
41987
109480
118100
127100
138600
148500
158600
172500
181380
785450
827067
WEL
717.3
1509.0
3248
4940
6990
9220
11500
18770
21400
23960
27590
30330
33150
38880
41987
109480
118100
127100
138600
148500
158600
CRC
7.43402
15.63999
33.668
51.2
72.4
95.6
119.203
194.5
221.8
248.3
286.0
314.4
343.6
403.0
435.163
1134.7
1224
1317
1437
1539
1644
1788
1879.9
8140.6
8571.94
26 Fe iron
use
762.5
1561.9
2957
5290
7240
9560
12060
14580
22540
25290
28000
31920
34830
37840
44100
47206
122200
131000
140500
152600
163000
173600
188100
195200
851800
895161
WEL
762.5
1561.9
2957
5290
7240
9560
12060
14580
22540
25290
28000
31920
34830
37840
44100
47206
122200
131000
140500
152600
163000
CRC
7.9024
16.1878
30.652
54.8
75.0
99.1
124.98
151.06
233.6
262.1
290.2
330.8
361.0
392.2
457
489.256
1266
1358
1456
1582
1689
1799
1950
2023
8828
9277.69
27 Co cobalt
use
760.4
1648
3232
4950
7670
9840
12440
15230
17959
26570
29400
32400
36600
39700
42800
49396
52737
134810
145170
154700
167400
178100
189300
204500
214100
920870
966023
WEL
760.4
1648
3232
4950
7670
9840
12440
15230
17959
26570
29400
32400
36600
39700
42800
49396
52737
134810
145170
154700
167400
CRC
7.8810
17.083
33.50
51.3
79.5
102.0
128.9
157.8
186.13
275.4
305
336
379
411
444
511.96
546.58
1397.2
1504.6
1603
1735
1846
1962
2119
2219.0
9544.1
10012.12
28 Ni nickel
use
737.1
1753.0
3395
5300
7339
10400
12800
15600
18600
21670
30970
34000
37100
41500
44800
48100
55101
58570
148700
159000
169400
182700
194000
205600
221400
231490
992718
1039668
WEL
737.1
1753.0
3395
5300
7339
10400
12800
15600
18600
21670
30970
34000
37100
41500
44800
48100
55101
58570
148700
159000
169400
CRC
7.6398
18.16884
35.19
54.9
76.06
108
133
162
193
224.6
321.0
352
384
430
464
499
571.08
607.06
1541
1648
1756
1894
2011
2131
2295
2399.2
10288.8
10775.40
29 Cu copper
use
745.5
1957.9
3555
5536
7700
9900
13400
16000
19200
22400
25600
35600
38700
42000
46700
50200
53700
61100
64702
163700
174100
184900
198800
210500
222700
239100
249660
1067358
1116105
WEL
745.5
1957.9
3555
5536
7700
9900
13400
16000
19200
22400
25600
35600
38700
42000
46700
50200
53700
61100
64702
163700
174100
CRC
7.72638
20.29240
36.841
57.38
79.8
103
139
166
199
232
265.3
369
401
435
484
520
557
633
670.588
1697
1804
1916
2060
2182
2308
2478
2587.5
11062.38
11567.617
30 Zn zinc
use
906.4
1733.3
3833
5731
7970
10400
12900
16800
19600
23000
26400
29990
40490
43800
47300
52300
55900
59700
67300
71200
179100
WEL
906.4
1733.3
3833
5731
7970
10400
12900
16800
19600
23000
26400
29990
40490
43800
47300
52300
55900
59700
67300
71200
179100
CRC
9.3942
17.96440
39.723
59.4
82.6
108
134
174
203
238
274
310.8
419.7
454
490
542
579
619
698
738
1856
31 Ga gallium
use
578.8
1979.3
2963
6180
WEL
578.8
1979.3
2963
6180
CRC
5.99930
20.5142
30.71
64
32 Ge germanium
use
762
1537.5
3302.1
4411
9020
WEL
762
1537.5
3302.1
4411
9020
CRC
7.8994
15.93462
34.2241
45.7131
93.5
33 As arsenic
use
947.0
1798
2735
4837
6043
12310
WEL
947.0
1798
2735
4837
6043
12310
CRC
9.7886
18.633
28.351
50.13
62.63
127.6
34 Se selenium
use
941.0
2045
2973.7
4144
6590
7880
14990
WEL
941.0
2045
2973.7
4144
6590
7880
14990
CRC
9.75238
21.19
30.8204
42.9450
68.3
81.7
155.4
35 Br bromine
use
1139.9
2103
3470
4560
5760
8550
9940
18600
WEL
1139.9
2103
3470
4560
5760
8550
9940
18600
CRC
11.81381
21.8
36
47.3
59.7
88.6
103.0
192.8
36 Kr krypton
use
1350.8
2350.4
3565
5070
6240
7570
10710
12138
22274
25880
29700
33800
37700
43100
47500
52200
57100
61800
75800
80400
85300
90400
96300
101400
111100
116290
282500
296200
311400
326200
WEL
1350.8
2350.4
3565
5070
6240
7570
10710
12138
22274
25880
29700
33800
37700
43100
47500
52200
57100
61800
75800
80400
85300
CRC
13.99961
24.35985
36.950
52.5
64.7
78.5
111.0
125.802
230.85
268.2
308
350
391
447
492
541
592
641
786
833
884
937
998
1051
1151
1205.3
2928
3070
3227
3381
37 Rb rubidium
use
403.0
2633
3860
5080
6850
8140
9570
13120
14500
26740
WEL
403.0
2633
3860
5080
6850
8140
9570
13120
14500
26740
CRC
4.17713
27.285
40
52.6
71.0
84.4
99.2
136
150
277.1
38 Sr strontium
use
549.5
1064.2
4138
5500
6910
8760
10230
11800
15600
17100
31270
WEL
549.5
1064.2
4138
5500
6910
8760
10230
11800
15600
17100
CRC
5.6949
11.03013
42.89
57
71.6
90.8
106
122.3
162
177
324.1
39 Y yttrium
use
600
1180
1980
5847
7430
8970
11190
12450
14110
18400
19900
36090
WEL
600
1180
1980
5847
7430
8970
11190
12450
14110
18400
CRC
6.2171
12.24
20.52
60.597
77.0
93.0
116
129
146.2
191
206
374.0
40 Zr zirconium
use
640.1
1270
2218
3313
7752
9500
WEL
640.1
1270
2218
3313
7752
9500
CRC
6.63390
13.13
22.99
34.34
80.348
41 Nb niobium
use
652.1
1380
2416
3700
4877
9847
12100
WEL
652.1
1380
2416
3700
4877
9847
12100
CRC
6.75885
14.32
25.04
38.3
50.55
102.057
125
42 Mo molybdenum
use
684.3
1560
2618
4480
5257
6640.8
12125
13860
15835
17980
20190
22219
26930
29196
52490
55000
61400
67700
74000
80400
87000
93400
98420
104400
121900
127700
133800
139800
148100
154500
WEL
684.3
1560
2618
4480
5257
6640.8
12125
13860
15835
17980
20190
22219
26930
29196
52490
55000
61400
67700
74000
80400
87000
CRC
7.09243
16.16
27.13
46.4
54.49
68.8276
125.664
143.6
164.12
186.4
209.3
230.28
279.1
302.60
544.0
570
636
702
767
833
902
968
1020
1082
1263
1323
1387
1449
1535
1601
43 Tc technetium
use
686.9
1470
2850
WEL
702
1470
2850
CRC
7.28
15.26
29.54
Mattolat et al.[ 10]
7.119380(32) eV
44 Ru ruthenium
use
710.2
1620
2747
WEL
710.2
1620
2747
CRC
7.36050
16.76
28.47
45 Rh rhodium
use
719.7
1740
2997
WEL
719.7
1740
2997
CRC
7.45890
18.08
31.06
46 Pd palladium
use
804.4
1870
3177
WEL
804.4
1870
3177
CRC
8.3369
19.43
32.93
47 Ag silver
use
731.0
2070
3361
WEL
731.0
2070
3361
CRC
7.5762
21.49
34.83
48 Cd cadmium
use
867.8
1631.4
3616
WEL
867.8
1631.4
3616
CRC
8.9938
16.90832
37.48
49 In indium
use
558.3
1820.7
2704
5210
WEL
558.3
1820.7
2704
5210
CRC
5.78636
18.8698
28.03
54
50 Sn tin
use
708.6
1411.8
2943.0
3930.3
7456
WEL
708.6
1411.8
2943.0
3930.3
7456
CRC
7.3439
14.63225
30.50260
40.73502
72.28
51 Sb antimony
use
834
1594.9
2440
4260
5400
10400
WEL
834
1594.9
2440
4260
5400
10400
CRC
8.6084
16.53051
25.3
44.2
56
108
52 Te tellurium
use
869.3
1790
2698
3610
5668
6820
13200
WEL
869.3
1790
2698
3610
5668
6820
13200
CRC
9.0096
18.6
27.96
37.41
58.75
70.7
137
53 I iodine
use
1008.4
1845.9
3180
WEL
1008.4
1845.9
3180
CRC
10.45126
19.1313
33
54 Xe xenon
use
1170.4
2046.4
3099.4
WEL
1170.4
2046.4
3099.4
CRC
12.1298
21.20979
32.1230
55 Cs caesium
use
375.7
2234.3
3400
WEL
375.7
2234.3
3400
CRC
3.89390
23.15745
56 Ba barium
use
502.9
965.2
3600
WEL
502.9
965.2
3600
CRC
5.21170
10.00390
57 La lanthanum
use
538.1
1067
1850.3
4819
5940
WEL
538.1
1067
1850.3
4819
5940
CRC
5.5769
11.060
19.1773
49.95
61.6
58 Ce cerium
use
534.4
1050
1949
3547
6325
7490
WEL
534.4
1050
1949
3547
6325
7490
CRC
5.5387
10.85
20.198
36.758
65.55
77.6
59 Pr praseodymium
use
527
1020
2086
3761
5551
WEL
527
1020
2086
3761
5551
CRC
5.473
10.55
21.624
38.98
57.53
60 Nd neodymium
use
533.1
1040
2130
3900
WEL
533.1
1040
2130
3900
CRC
5.5250
10.73
22.1
40.41
61 Pm promethium
use
540
1050
2150
3970
WEL
540
1050
2150
3970
CRC
5.582
10.90
22.3
41.1
62 Sm samarium
use
544.5
1070
2260
3990
WEL
544.5
1070
2260
3990
CRC
5.6436
11.07
23.4
41.4
63 Eu europium
use
547.1
1085
2404
4120
WEL
547.1
1085
2404
4120
CRC
5.6704
11.241
24.92
42.7
64 Gd gadolinium
use
593.4
1170
1990
4250
WEL
593.4
1170
1990
4250
CRC
6.1501
12.09
20.63
44.0
65 Tb terbium
use
565.8
1110
2114
3839
WEL
565.8
1110
2114
3839
CRC
5.8638
11.52
21.91
39.79
66 Dy dysprosium
use
573.0
1130
2200
3990
WEL
573.0
1130
2200
3990
CRC
5.9389
11.67
22.8
41.47
67 Ho holmium
use
581.0
1140
2204
4100
WEL
581.0
1140
2204
4100
CRC
6.0215
11.80
22.84
42.5
68 Er erbium
use
589.3
1150
2194
4120
WEL
589.3
1150
2194
4120
CRC
6.1077
11.93
22.74
42.7
69 Tm thulium
use
596.7
1160
2285
4120
WEL
596.7
1160
2285
4120
CRC
6.18431
12.05
23.68
42.7
70 Yb ytterbium
use
603.4
1174.8
2417
4203
WEL
603.4
1174.8
2417
4203
CRC
6.25416
12.1761
25.05
43.56
71 Lu lutetium
use
523.5
1340
2022.3
4370
6445
WEL
523.5
1340
2022.3
4370
6445
CRC
5.4259
13.9
20.9594
45.25
66.8
72 Hf hafnium
use
658.5
1440
2250
3216
WEL
658.5
1440
2250
3216
CRC
6.82507
14.9
23.3
33.33
73 Ta tantalum
use
761
1500
WEL
761
1500
CRC
7.5496
74 W tungsten
use
770
1700
WEL
770
1700
CRC
7.8640
75 Re rhenium
use
760
1260
2510
3640
WEL
760
1260
2510
3640
CRC
7.8335
76 Os osmium
use
840
1600
WEL
840
1600
CRC
8.4382
77 Ir iridium
use
880
1600
WEL
880
1600
CRC
8.9670
78 Pt platinum
use
870
1791
WEL
870
1791
CRC
8.9587
18.563
28[ 11]
79 Au gold
use
890.1
1980
WEL
890.1
1980
CRC
9.2255
20.5
30[ 11]
80 Hg mercury
use
1007.1
1810
3300
WEL
1007.1
1810
3300
CRC
10.43750
18.756
34.2
81 Tl thallium
use
589.4
1971
2878
WEL
589.4
1971
2878
CRC
6.1082
20.428
29.83
82 Pb lead
use
715.6
1450.5
3081.5
4083
6640
WEL
715.6
1450.5
3081.5
4083
6640
CRC
7.41666
15.0322
31.9373
42.32
68.8
83 Bi bismuth
use
703
1610
2466
4370
5400
8520
WEL
703
1610
2466
4370
5400
8520
CRC
7.2856
16.69
25.56
45.3
56.0
88.3
84 Po polonium
use
812.1
WEL
812.1
CRC
8.417
85 At astatine
use
899.003
WEL
920
CRC
talk
[1] Originally quoted as 9.31751(8) eV.
86 Rn radon
use
1037
WEL
1037
CRC
10.74850
87 Fr francium
use
380
WEL
380
CRC
4.0727
talk
Andreev, S.V.; Letokhov, V.S.; Mishin, V.I. (1987). "Laser resonance photoionization spectroscopy of Rydberg levels in Fr". Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (12): 1274– 76. Bibcode :1987PhRvL..59.1274A . doi :10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.1274 . PMID 10035190 . give 4.0712±0.00004 eV (392.811(4) kJ/mol)
88 Ra radium
use
509.3
979.0
WEL
509.3
979.0
CRC
5.2784
10.14716
89 Ac actinium
use
499
1170
WEL
499
1170
CRC
5.17
12.1
90 Th thorium
use
587
1110
1930
2780
WEL
587
1110
1930
2780
CRC
6.3067
11.5
20.0
28.8
91 Pa protactinium
use
568
WEL
568
CRC
5.89
92 U uranium
use
597.6
1420
WEL
597.6
1420
CRC
6.19405
14.72
93 Np neptunium
use
604.5
WEL
604.5
CRC
6.2657
94 Pu plutonium
use
584.7
WEL
584.7
CRC
6.0262
95 Am americium
use
578
WEL
578
CRC
5.9738
96 Cm curium
use
581
WEL
581
CRC
5.9915
97 Bk berkelium
use
601
WEL
601
CRC
6.1979
98 Cf californium
use
608
WEL
608
CRC
6.2817
99 Es einsteinium
use
619
WEL
619
CRC
6.42
100 Fm fermium
use
627
WEL
627
CRC
6.50
101 Md mendelevium
use
635
WEL
635
CRC
6.58
102 No nobelium
use
642
WEL
CRC
6.65
103 Lr lawrencium
use
470
WEL
CRC
4.9
104 Rf rutherfordium
use
580
WEL
CRC
6.0
Notes
Values from CRC are ionization energies given in the unit eV ; other values are molar ionization energies given in the unit kJ/mol . The first of these quantities is used in atomic physics, the second in chemistry, but both refer to the same basic property of the element. To convert from "value of ionization energy" to the corresponding "value of molar ionization energy", the conversion is:
1 eV = 96.48534 kJ/mol
1 kJ/mol = 0.0103642688 eV[ 12]
References
^ Lide, David R., ed. (2003–2004). "Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions – Section 10. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (84th edition) (PDF) . CRC Press. pp. 10-178 to 10-180. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2020 .
^ a b c d Martin, W.C.; Musgrove, A.; Kotochigova, S. ; Sansonetti, S.E. (September 2013) [April 1998]. "Ground Levels and Ionization Energies for the Neutral Atoms" . U.S. Department of Commerce. nist.gov . 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Maryland: National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi :10.18434/T42P4C . Retrieved December 16, 2020 – via physics.nist.gov. {{cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: location (link )
^ a b c d Kramida, A.; Ralchenko, Yu.; Reader, J.; et al. (October 2019). "Ionization Energies Data" . U.S. Department of Commerce. physics.nist.gov . 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Maryland: NIST Atomic Spectra Database (published March 1995). doi :10.18434/T4W30F . Retrieved December 16, 2020 – via nist.gov. {{cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: location (link )
^ Mohr, P.J. (December 6, 2019) [July 21, 2009]. "Energy Levels of Hydrogen and Deuterium" . U.S. Department of Commerce. nist.gov . 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Maryland: National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi :10.18434/T4V01G . Retrieved December 16, 2020 – via physics.nist.gov. {{cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: location (link )
^ a b Kandula, D.Z.; Gohle, C.; Pinkert, T.J.; Ubachs, W.; Eikerna, K.S.E. (April 8, 2010) [August 2, 2010]. "Extreme Ultraviolet Frequency Comb Metrology" . Physical Review Letters . 105 (6). Amsterdam (published August 6, 2010): 063001. arXiv :1004.5110 . Bibcode :2010PhRvL.105f3001K . doi :10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.063001 . PMID 20867977 . S2CID 2499460 . Retrieved December 16, 2020 – via Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics Amsterdam.
^ Bushaw, B.A.; Nörtershäuser, W.; Drake, G.W.F.; Kluge, H.F. (May 8, 2007) [February 6, 2007]. Written at University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada. "Ionization energy of 6,7 Li determined by triple-resonance laser spectroscopy" . Department of Physics. Physical Review A . 75 (5). Windsor, Canada: American Physical Society: 8. doi :10.1103/PhysRevA.75.052503 . S2CID 9115632 . Retrieved December 16, 2020 – via journals.aps.org.
^ Drake, G.W. (1988). Written at Windsor University, Ontario, Canada. "Theoretical energies for the n=1 and 2 states of the helium isoelectronic sequence up to Z=100" . Canadian Journal of Physics . 66 (7). Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Science Publishing (published July 1, 1998): 586– 611. Bibcode :1988CaJPh..66..586D . doi :10.1139/p88-100 . S2CID 120975041 . Retrieved December 17, 2020 – via cdnsciencepub.com.
^ Erickson, G.W. (October 15, 2009) [July 1977]. Written at Physics Department, University of California, Davis, California 95616. "Energy Levels of One-Electron Atoms" (PDF) . National Institute of Standards and Technology. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data . 6 (3). Department of Physics, University of California (UC), 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States: American Institute of Physics: 831– 869. Bibcode :1977JPCRD...6..831E . doi :10.1063/1.555557 . ISSN 0047-2689 . OCLC 150326853 . Retrieved December 17, 2020 – via SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System. {{cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: location (link )
^ Beigang, R.; Schmidt, D.; West, P.J. (November 1, 1983) [January 1, 1983]. Written at FU Berlin, 1000 Berlin 33, F.R.G.. "LASER SPECTROSCOPY OF HIGH RYDBERG STATES OF LIGHT ALKALINE-EARTH ELEMENTS : Be AND Mg" . Le Journal de Physique Colloques . Optogalvanic Spectroscopy and its Applications. 44 (C7). Berlin, Germany: Colloque International du C.N.R.S.: 229– 237. doi :10.1051/jphyscol:1983719 . S2CID 93347290 . Archived from the original on June 2, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2020 – via Inst. f. Atom- und Festkörperphysik. {{cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link ) CS1 maint: location (link )
^ Mattolat, C.; Gottwald, T.; Raeder, S.; Rothe, S.; Schwellnus, F.; Wendt, K.; Thörle-Pospiech, P.; Trautmann, N. (24 May 2010). "Determination of the first ionization potential of technetium" . Physical Review A . 81 : 052513. Retrieved 1 October 2023 .
^ a b https://dept.astro.lsa.umich.edu/~cowley/ionen.htm Archived 2015-02-22 at the Wayback Machine archived
^ "Unit Conversions" . Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2020-09-08 .
WEL (Webelements)
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter, and R.L. Keiter in Inorganic Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity , 4th edition, HarperCollins, New York, USA, 1993.
A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data , Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
External links
See also
Elements Data
Abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's crust, sea water, Sun and Solar System
Atomic radius empirical, calculated, van der Waals radius, covalent radius
Boiling point
Critical point
Density solid, liquid, gas
Elastic properties of the elements : Young's modulus , Poisson's ratio , bulk modulus , shear modulus
Electrical resistivity
Electron affinity
Electron configuration
Electronegativity (Pauling, Allen scale)
Hardness: Mohs hardness , Vickers hardness , Brinell hardness
Heat capacity
Heat of fusion
Heat of vaporization
Ionization energy (in eV) and molar ionization energies (in kJ/mol)
Melting point
Molar ionization energy
Oxidation state
Speed of sound
Standard atomic weight
Thermal conductivity
Specific heat capacity
Thermal expansion
Vapor pressure