List of local anesthetics This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "List of local anesthetics" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This is a list of local anesthetic agents. Not all of these drugs are still used in clinical practice and in research. Some are primarily of historical interest. Drug Other common names Image First synthesis Dates of clinical use Chemical/structural class Duration of effect amylocaine Stovaine 1904 (Ernest Fourneau) ester- benzoic ambucaine [1] diester - aminosalicylic articaine Astracaine, Septanest, Septocaine, Ultracaine, Zorcaine Amide benzocaine Anbesol, Orajel Ester - Aminobenzoic Short benzonatate Tessalon bupivacaine Marcaine, Sensorcaine, Vivacaine 1957 (Ekenstam) 1963 (Widman and Telivuo) Amide Moderate butacaine ester- aminobenzoic butanilicaine Amide chloroprocaine Nesacaine Ester - Aminobenzoic cinchocaine (INN) dibucaine (USAN), Cincain, Cinchocaine, Nupercainal, Nupercaine, Sovcaine 1925 (Meischer) 1930 (Uhlmann) Ester - Aminobenzoic cocaine 1855 (first isolation by Friedrich Gaedcke), 1898 (first synthesis by Richard Willstätter) 1884 (Karl Koller, William Stewart Halsted) Ester - Benzoic cyclomethycaine [2] Ester - hydroxybenzoic dibucaine [3] Amide diperodon [4][5] dimethocaine larocaine eucaine α-Eucaine, β-eucaine α-eucaine β-eucaine 1900. α[6] β[7][8] etidocaine Duranest 1971 (Takman) 1972 (Lund) hexylcaine Cyclaine, Osmocaine fomocaine [9] ester - phenyl fotocaine [9] hydroxyprocaine [10] ester - aminosalicylic isobucaine [11] Ester - benzoic levobupivacaine Chirocaine 1990s (Mather and Tucker) 1995 lidocaine[12][13] (lignocaine) Xylocaine 1943 (Nils Löfgren and Bengt Lundqvist) 1947 (Torsten Gordh) mepivacaine Carbocaine, Polocaine 1956 (Ekenstam and Egner) 1957 (Dhuner) meprylcaine Epirocain metabutoxycaine nitracaine Ester- Aminobenzoic orthocaine oxetacaine (oxethazaine) oxybuprocaine benoxinate, Novesine Paraethoxycaine [14] phenacaine Holocaine piperocaine metycaine piridocaine [15] pramocaine pramoxine prilocaine Citanest 1959 (Nils Löfgren and Egner) 1960 (Wielding) Primacaine procaine Novocain, borocaine (procaine borate), ethocaine 1904 (Alfred Einhorn) 1905 (Heinrich Braun) procainamide proparacaine proxymetacaine propoxycaine[16] Pyrrocaine [17] quinisocaine (INN) dimethisoquin (USAN) [18] ropivacaine Naropin 1957 (Ekenstam) 1997 trimecaine Mesdicain, Mesocain, Mesokain tetracaine amethocaine, Dicaine, Pontocaine 1928 (O. Eisleb) 1931 Tolycaine [19] Tropacocaine[20] See also 4-Aminobenzoic acid Amino amide Amino esters Anesthesia Anesthetic Brachial plexus block Cocaine analogues: local anesthetics Dental anesthesia Dibucaine number Epidural Intravenous regional anesthesia Local anesthesia Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor Local anesthetic toxicity Methemoglobin Sodium channel blocker Spinal anesthesia Topical anesthesia Veterinary anesthesia References ^ Büchi, J; Stünzi, E; Flury, M; Hirt, R; Labhart, P; Ragaz, L (1951). "Über lokalanästhetisch wirksame basische Ester und Amide verschiedener Alkoxy-amino-benzoesäuren". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 34 (4): 1002–1013. doi:10.1002/hlca.19510340404. ^ S. M. McElvain and T. P. Carney, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 68, 2592 (1946). ^ K. Miescher, Helv. Chim. Acta, 15, 163 (1932). ^ 44. T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930). ^ M. S. Raasch and W. R. Brode, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 64, 1112 (1942). ^ Harries, C. (1903). "Ueber ein neues p-Menthadiën aus Dihydrocarvylamin". Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 328 (3): 322–326. doi:10.1002/jlac.19033280303. ^ G. Meiling, Chem. Ber., 6, 173 (1896). ^ H. King, J. Chem. Soc, 125, 41 (1924). ^ a b Schoenberger, Matthias; Damijonaitis, Arunas; Zhang, Zinan; Nagel, Daniel; Trauner, Dirk (2014). "Development of a New Photochromic Ion Channel Blocker via Azologization of Fomocaine". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 5 (7): 514–518. doi:10.1021/cn500070w. ISSN 1948-7193. PMC 4102962. PMID 24856540. ^ W. Grimme and H. Schmitz, Chem. Ber., 84, 734 (1917). ^ J. R. Reasenberg and S. D. Goldberg, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 67, 933 (1945). ^ "Lignocaine - C14H22N2O". ChemSpider. Retrieved 2015-10-13. ^ "Lidocaine". The Merck Index Online. Retrieved 2015-10-13. ^ W. G. Christiansen and S. E. Harris, U. S. Patent 2,404,691 (1946). ^ L. A. Walter and R. J. Fosbinder, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 61, 1713 (1939). ^ Clinton, R. O.; Salvador, U. J.; Laskowski, S. C.; Wilson, Mary (February 1952). "Derivatives of 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic Acid. II". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 74 (3): 592–598. doi:10.1021/ja01123a005. ^ N. Lofgren, C. Tegner, and B. Takman, Acta Chem. Scand., 11, 1724 (1957). ^ T. H. Rider, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 52, 2115 (1930). ^ R. Hiltmann, F. Mietzsch, and W. Wirth, U.S. patent 2,921,077 (1960). ^ Jowett, Hooper Albert Dickinson; Pyman, Frank Lee (1909). "CXVI.—Relation between chemical constitution and physiological action in the tropeines. Part II". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 95: 1020–1032. doi:10.1039/CT9099501020.

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