List of pusher aircraft by configuration and date
A pusher aircraft is a type of aircraft using propellers placed behind the engines.Push-pull configuration with both tractor and pusher engines. The list includes these even if the pusher engine is just added to a conventional layout (engines inside the wings or above the wing for example).
Conventional and three surface layouts
The conventional layout of an aircraft has wings ahead of the empennage .
Direct drive
Propeller ahead of tail
Farman layout )Top to bottom: 1870 helicopter; Wright Flyer 1903 pusher Wright, Curtiss and Farman pushers Voisin-Farman 1908 Curtiss n°2 (1909 Bristol Boxkite (1910) Wright Model B (1910) Curtiss Model E (1911) Curtiss Model F (1912) Voisin III (1914) Airco DH.2 (1915) Vickers FB.5 (1915) Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2] (1915) Grigorovitch M-9 (1916) FBA Type H (1916) Voisin VIII (1916) Macchi M.5 (1917) Supermarine Walrus flying boat (1933)Bereiev MBR-2 (1935) Dornier Do 18 (1935) De Schelde S.21 drawings (1939) SAAB J 21 fighter (1943).Experimental fighter Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender (1943) Kyushu J7W Shinden (1945) Republic RC-3 Seabee with gear retracted (1945) Fokker F.25 (1946) Experimental flying wing bomber Northrop XB-35 (1946) Convair B-36 Peacemaker (1946)Alaparma Baldo (1949) Lake Buccaneer (1950)SIAI Marchetti FN 333 Riviera (1952) Piaggio P.166 (1957) Raab Krähe (1958) Cessna 337 Skymaster (1962) Lesher teal (1965) Bede BD-5 (1971) Lockspeiser LDA-1 (1971) Rutan VariEze 1975Cascade Kasperwing I-80 1976 Rutan Long-EZ pusher configuration homebuilt aircraft .PZL M-17 (1977) RFB X-114 (1977) Edgley Optica (1979) Quad City Challenger – a mid-engined pusher ultralight aircraftGrinvalds Orion (1981) LearAvia Lear Fan (1981)Sadler Vampire (1982) Beechcraft Starship (1983) Spectrum SA-550 (1983) Dornier Seastar (1984) RTAF-5 (1984) Prescott Pusher (1985) Piaggio P.180 Avanti (1986)Airkraft Sunny joined wing 1989 Miller-Bohannan JM-2 Special 1989 Seabird seeker (1989) Rans S12 1990 Embraer-FMA CBA-123 Vector UAV SAGEM Sperwer B (1990s) Aeroprakt A-20 Vista (1991 NPO Molniya (1993) Creative Flight Aerocat (2001) UCAV General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (2001) NAL Saras (2004)LH Aviation LH-10 Ellipse (2008)Aeroprakt A-36 (2011) AHRLAC (2014) Voisin-Farman I 1907, 60 builtAEA June Bug 1908 experimental, 1 builtCody British Army Aeroplane No 1 1908, 1 builtAEA Silver Dart 1909, first flight in Canada, 1 builtCurtiss No. 1 1909 Golden Flyer biplane, 1 builtCurtiss No. 2 1909 Reims racer biplane, 1 builtCody Michelin Cup Biplane 1910, 1 builtBristol Boxkite 1910 trainer, 78 builtHoward Wright 1910 Biplane 1910, 7 builtRoyal Aircraft Factory F.E.1 1910 biplane, 1 builtWright Model B 1910 biplane 2 seater, about 100 builtCody Circuit of Britain biplane 1911, 1 builtCurtiss Model D 1911 biplane, 1 seatCurtiss Model E 1911 biplane floatplane, 17+ builtBaldwin Red Devil 1911 aerobatic biplane, 6 builtFarman MF.7 1911 biplane, unk no. builtCody V biplane 1912, 2 builtCody VI biplane/floatplane 1913, 1 builtShort S.38 1912, 48 builtFarman HF.20 1913 military biplane, unk no. builtFarman MF.11 1913 biplane, unk no. builtGrahame-White Type X Charabanc 1913 transport, 1 builtShort S.80 Nile Pusher Biplane Seaplane 1913, 1 builtGrahame-White Type XV 1913 trainer, 135 builtSopwith Bat Boat 1913, 6 built
Breguet Bre.4 1914 2 seat military biplane, about 100 builtGrahame-White Type XI 1914 reconnaissance biplane, 1 builtShort S.81 1914, 1 builtSopwith Gunbus 1914, 35 built (including floatplanes)Vickers F.B.5 1914, 224 builtVoisin III 1914 bomber, about 3200 built[ 1] Wight Pusher Seaplane 1914, 11 builtBreguet Bre.5 1915 2 seat military biplane, unk no. builtAD Scout 1915 interceptor, 4 builtAGO C.II 1915 reconnaissance biplane, 15 builtAirco DH.1 1915 biplane, 2 seat, 100 built,Airco DH.2 1915 biplane fighter, 453 builtAvro 508 1915, 1 builtFarman F.30 1915 military biplane, unk no. builtFarman F.40 1915 military biplane, unk no. builtOtto C.I 1915 reconnaissance biplane, unk no. builtPemberton-Billing P.B.25 1915 scout, 20 builtRoyal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 1915 military biplane, 1939 builtRoyal Aircraft Factory F.E.8 1915 biplane fighter, 295 builtVoisin IV Voisin V 1915 bomber, about 350 builtBreguet Bre.12 1916 2 seat military biplane, unk no. builtFriedrichshafen FF.34 1916 patrol seaplane, 1 builtHäfeli DH-1 1916 reconnaissance biplane, 6 builtVickers F.B.12 1916 fighter, about 22 builtVoisin VII 1916 reconnaissance biplane, about 100 builtVoisin VIII 1916 bomber, about 1,100 builtBlackburn Triplane 1917 fighter, 1 builtCurtiss Autoplane 1917 (hops only) roadable aircraft, 1 builtPort Victoria P.V.4 1917 floatplane, 1 built.Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.9 1917 2 seat fighter, 3 builtRoyal Aircraft Factory N.E.1 1917 night fighter, 6 builtSavoia-Pomilio SP.3 1917 reconnaissance biplane about 350 builtVickers F.B.26 Vampire 1917, 4 builtVoisin IX 1917 reconnaissance biplane, 1 builtVoisin X 1917 bomber, about 900 builtVickers VIM 1920, 35 built
Between booms
Henderson H.S.F.1 1929 transport, 1 built[ 2] Campbell Model F 1930 private airplane, 1 builtHanriot H.110 1933 fighter, 1 builtStearman-Hammond Y-1 1934 safety airplane about 20 builtde Schelde Scheldemusch 1935 1 seat biplane trainer, 6 builtITS-8 1936 motorglider monoplane, 2 builtSCAL FB.30 Avion Bassou 1936 2 seat light aircraft, 2 builtAbrams P-1 Explorer 1937, 1 builtSAIMAN LB.2 1937 2 seat monoplane, 1 builtAlliet-Larivière Allar 4, 1938 experimental 2 seat, 1 built [ 3]
General Aircraft GAL.33 Cagnet 1939 trainer, 1 builtWNF Wn 16 1939, Austrian experimental aircraftGeneral Aircraft GAL.47 1940 observation, 1 builtde Schelde S.21 1940 fighter mockup (unflown)Dieselpunk: De Schelde S.21 Fane F.1/40 1941 observation monoplane, 1 builtSaab 21 1943 fighter, 298 builtVultee XP-54 1943 fighter, 2 builtSkoda-Kauba V6 1944 1 seat, 1 built[ 4] 1945 and later
Convair 106 Skycoach 1946 4 seater, one builtFokker F.25 1946 4 seater, 20 builtSECAN Courlis 1946 transport, unk no. builtAnderson Greenwood AG-14 1947 2 seat experimental, 6 built [ 5] Heston JC.6/AOP 1947 2 seat reconnaissance, 2 builtAlaparma Baldo 1949 1 seat, about 35 builtSNCASO SO.8000 Narval 1949 naval fighter, 2 builtAnderson Greenwood AG-14 1950 2 seats, 6 builtSIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera 1952 amphibie 4 seater, 29 builtPotez 75 1953 reconnaissance, 1 builtSIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera 1962 4 seat amphibian, 29 builtAkaflieg Stuttgart FS-26 Moseppl 1970 1 seat powered sailplane, unk no. builtCessna XMC 1971 research aircraft, 1 builtAkaflieg Stuttgart FS-28 Avispa 1972 2 seat transport, 1 builtKortenbach & Rauh Kora 1973 Motor glider, 2 builtLartin Skylark 1973 Utility PrototypePZL M-17 1973 Trainer PrototypeEdgley Optica 1979 ducted fan observation aircraft 21 built1980 and later
ADI Condor 1981 2 seat motorglider, unk no. builtAcapella 200 1982 homebuilt, 1 built [ 6] Applebay Zia 1982 1 seat ultralight motorglider, 4 builtSadler Vampire 1982 UltralightSpectrum SA-550 1983 Utility prototype, 2 builtRTAF-5 1984 Trainer prototypeAero Dynamics Sparrow Hawk Mk.II 1984 Experimental 2 seater [ 7] NPO Molniya 1993 transport 6 seater, 2 builtYakovlev Yak-58 1993 Utility, 7 builtHFL Stratos 300 1996 1 seat ultralight motorglider[ 8] NPP Aerorik Dingo 1997 multi-role amphibian (air cushion), 6 built[ 9]
Toucan PJ-1B 1998 experimental 1 seat, one built[ 10]
Creative Flight Aerocat 2001 Transport PrototypeAirsport Song 2009 ultralightNorthrop Grumman Firebird 2010 Reconnaissance PrototypeIon Aircraft Ion 2007 prototype 2 seater tandem, 1 builtTerrafugia Transition 2009 roadable airplane 2 seater, 2 builtWLT Sparrow 2010 Ultralight, 13 builtSynergy Aircraft Synergy 2011 Double boxtail demonstrator electric powered 1/4 scale model, in developmentAHRLAC Holdings Ahrlac 2014 reconnaissance attack, 1 builtCommuter Craft Innovator 2016 prototype 2 seater, 1 built [ 11] [ 12]
ISA 180 Seeker 2019 prototype monoplane [ 13]
Coaxially in rear fuselage
Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.3/A.E.1 1913 armoured biplane, 1 builtRoyal Aircraft Factory F.E.6 , 1914, 1 builtGallaudet D-4 1918 seaplane, 2 builtVickers Type 161 1931 fighter prototype (with structural frame), 1 builtAustria Krähe 1960 1 seat motorglider, unk no. builtBrditschka HB-3 1971 2 seat motorglider, unk no. builtRhein Flugzeugbau RW 3 Multoplan 1955 27 builtRhein Flugzeugbau Sirius I 1969, 2 seats[ 15] RFB/Grumman American Fanliner 1973, 2 seats, 2 builtRFB Fantrainer 1977, 2 seats, 47 builtBuselec 2, 2010 project, with electric motor[ 16]
Otto Celera 500L 2018
Nacelle above fuselage
WW1 or Before
Curtiss Model F 1912 flying boat, 150+ builtBenoist XIV 1913 transport flying boat, 2 builtFBA Type A, B, C 1913 patrol flying boat, unk no. builtLohner E 1913, about 40 builtDonnet-Denhaut flying boat 1915 patrol flying boat, about 1,085 builtFBA Type H 1915 patrol flying boat, ~2000 builtGrigorovich M-5 1915 patrol flying boat, about 300 builtLohner L, R and S 1915, 100+ builtAD Flying Boat, Supermarine Channel & Sea Eagle 1916 patrol and airline flying boat, 27 built.Grigorovich M-9 1916 patrol flying boat, about 500 builtGrigorovich M-11 1916 fighter flying boat, about 60 builtHansa-Brandenburg CC 1916 flying boat fighter, 73 builtMacchi L.2 1916, reconnaissance flying boat, 17 builtMacchi M.3 1916, reconnaissance flying boat, 200 builtNorman Thompson N.T.4 1916 patrol flying boat, 72 builtOeffag-Mickl G 1916 trimotor patrol flying boat, 12 builtCurtiss HS 1917 patrol flying boat, about 1,178 builtGrigorovich M-15 1917 patrol flying boat, unk no. builtMacchi M.5 1917, flying boat fighter, 244 builtNorman Thompson N.T.2B 1917 flying boat trainer, 100+ builtTellier T.3 and Tc.6 1917 patrol flying boat, about 155 builtHansa-Brandenburg W.20 1918 U-boat flying boat, 3 builtMacchi M.7 1918 flying boat fighter, 100+ builtMacchi M.9 1918 flying boat bomber, 30 builtMacchi M.12 1918 flying boat bomber, about 10 builtRoyal Aircraft Factory C.E.1 1918 flying boat, 2 builtSIAI S.9 1918 flying boat, unk no. builtSIAI S.12 1918 flying boat, 1 builtSperry Land and Sea Triplane 1918 patrol flying boat, 2 builtSupermarine Baby 1918 flying boat fighter, 1 built1920s
Aeromarine 40 1919 flying boat trainer, 50 builtAeromarine 50 1919 transport flying boat, unk no. builtBoeing B-1 1919 transport flying boat, 1 builtSIAI S.13 1919 reconnaissance flying boat, unk no. builtSIAI S.16 1919 flying boat, 100+ builtSupermarine Sea Lion I & II 1919 racing flying boats, 2 builtVickers Viking, Vulture and Vanellus 1919 amphibious flying boats, 34 built.Vought VE-10 Batboat 1919 navy flying boat, 1 builtMacchi M.18 1920 flying boat, 90+ builtSupermarine Commercial Amphibian 1920, 1 builtSupermarine Scarab 1923, 12 builtSupermarine Seal 1921, 4+ builtSupermarine Seagull 1921, 34 builtCAMS 30 1922 flying boat trainer, 31 builtCAMS 31 1922 flying boat fighter, 2 builtFokker B.I & III 1922 biplane reconnaissance flying boat, 2 builtSIAI S.51 1922 racing flying boat, 1 builtCAMS 38 1923 racing flying boat, 1 builtFBA 17 1923 flying boat trainer, 300+ builtSavoia-Marchetti S.57 1923 reconnaissance flying boat, 20 builtSupermarine Sea Eagle 1923, 3 builtCanadian Vickers Vedette 1924 forestry patrol flying boat, 60 builtCANT 7 1924 flying boat trainer, 34 builtIkarus ŠM 1924 flying boat trainer, 42 builtMacchi M.26 1924 flying boat fighter, 2 builtCANT 10 1925 flying boat airliner, 18 builtRohrbach Ro VII Robbe 1925 flying boat, 3 builtSavoia-Marchetti S.59 1925 reconnaissance flying boat, 240+ builtCAMS 37 1926 reconnaissance flying boat, 332 builtCAMS 46 1926 flying boat trainer, unk. no builtCANT 18 1926 flying boat trainer, 29 builtSavoia-Marchetti S.62 1926 reconnaissance flying boat, 175+ builtCANT 25 1927 flying boat fighter, unk no. builtCanadian Vickers Vista 1927 1 seat monoplane flying boat, 1 builtBoeing Model 204 Thunderbird 1929 flying boat, 7 builtMacchi M.41 1927 flying boat fighter, 42 builtSupermarine Sheldrake 1927, 1 builtFokker F.11 /B.IV 1928 monoplane transport flying boat, 7 builtRohrbach Ro X Romar 1928 flying boat, 3 builtSavoia-Marchetti S.64 1928 distance record monoplane, 2 built1930s
FBA 310 1930 amphibious flying boat transport, 9 builtSIAI S.67 1930 flying boat fighter, 3 builtFBA 290 1931, amphibious flying boat trainer, 10 builtFizir AF-2 1931 amphibious flying boat trainer, 1 builtAmiot 110-S 1931 patrol flying boat, 2 builtLoening XSL 1931 submarine airplane, 1 builtBeriev MBR-2 1931 flying boat, 1365 builtSavoia-Marchetti S.66 1931 airliner flying boat, 24 builtTupolev MDR-2 1931 flying boat, 1 builtAichi AB-4 1932 flying boat, 6 builtBoeing-Canada A-213 Totem 1932 flying boat, 1 built[ 17] Dornier Do 12 1932 amphibian, 4 seats, 1 builtSavoia-Marchetti SM.78 1932 patrol flying boat, 49 builtGeneral Aviation PJ 1933 monoplane flying boat, 5 builtLoire 50 1933 training amphibian, 7 builtSavoia-Marchetti SM.80bis 1933 transport amphibian, 1+ builtSupermarine Seagull/Walrus 1933 military flying boat, 740 builtAichi E10A 1934 reconnaissance flying boat, 15 builtLoire 130 1934 reconnaissance flying boat, 125 builtBeriev MBR-2 1935 flying boat, 1365 builtCurtiss-Wright CA-1 1935 amphibious flying boat, 3 builtDornier Do 18 1935 monoplane flying boat, 170 builtAichi E11A 1937 reconnaissance flying boat, 17 builtKawanishi E11K 1937 monoplane flying boat, 2 builtSNCAO 30 1938 flying boat trainer, 2 builtNikol A-2 1939 amphibious flying boat trainer, 1 builtPost War II
SCAN 20 1945 flying boat trainer, 24 builtVolmer VJ-21 Jaybird 1947 2 seat light aircraft, unk no. builtVolmer VJ-22 Sportsman 1958 2 seat homebuilt amphibian, (not all are pushers), 100+ builtLake Buccaneer 1959 amphibian, 4 seats, 1000+ builtAerosport Woody Pusher 1967 tandem 2 seater, parasol wing, 27 ex.Taylor Coot 1969 2 seat homebuilt amphibian, 70 builtAerosport Rail 1970 single seat ultralight, twin engine, 1 builtOsprey Osprey 2 1973 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built3I Sky Arrow (now marketed by Magnaghi Aeronautica) 1982 maiden flight,[ 18] RFB X-114 1977 ground-effect craft prototype 6/7 seat, 1 builtFreedom Master FM-2 flying boat homebuilt prototype 2 seat, 1 built
3I Sky Arrow (Magnaghi Aeronautica) 1982,[ 18] Tisserand Hydroplum and SMAN Pétrel 1983 homebuilt amphibian, about 63 builtMicroleve Corsario 1988 ultralight amphibious homebuilt, unk no. builtCreative Flight Aerocat 2001 amphibious 4 seater prototype, 1 builtAirmax Sea Max 2005 2 seat biplane amphibian, unk no. builtCZAW Mermaid 2005 2 seat amphibious biplane, unk no. built
Below tail boom
Between up and down tail booms
Above tailboom
Loening Model 23 Air Yacht 1921 transport flying boat, 16 builtKoolhoven F.K.30 Toerist 1927 2 seat monoplane, 1 builtCurtiss-Wright Junior 1930 2 seat ultralight, 270 builtCurtiss-Wright CW-3 Duckling 1931 ultralight amphibious flying boat, 3 builtBritish Aircraft Company Drone 1932 1 seat ultralight, 33 builtSiebel Si 201 1938 reconnaissance 2 builtRepublic RC-3 Seabee 1945 4 seat amphibian, 1,060 builtFokker F.25 Promotor 1946 transport, 20 builtAerauto PL.5C 1949 1949 roadable aircraft, 1 builtJanowski Don Kichot /J-1 1970 1 seat homebuilt, unk no. built[ 19] Spencer Air Car 1970 4 seat homebuilt amphibian, 51 builtSZD-45 Ogar 1973 2 seat motorglider, 65 builtNeukom AN-20 1978 motorglider experimental 1 seat
Taylor Bird 1980 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built[ 20] Strojnik S-2 1980 motorglider 1 seater, 8+ built.Aérostructure Lutin 80 1983 1 seat ultralight motorglider, 2 built[ 21] Birdman Chinook 1982 ultralight homebuilt, 1100+ builtAlpha J-5 Marco 1983 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built[ 19] Quad City Challenger 1983 2 seat ultralight, 3,000+ builtSpectrum Beaver 1983 ultralight homebuilt, 2080+ builtFunk Fk6 1985 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built[ 22] Advanced Aeromarine Buccaneer 1988 2 seat amphibious biplane, unk no. builtD-8 Moby Dick 1988 2 seater, 37 builtSeabird Seeker 1989 observation aircraft 2 seater, 31 builtTechnoflug Piccolo 1989 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built[ 23] Rans s-12 Airaile 1990 2 seater, 1100+ builtAeroprakt A-20 Vista 1991 2 seater [ 24] Aviasud Engineering Albatros 1991 UL biplane [ 25] Partenair Mystere 1996 2 seater, 3 builtAAC SeaStar 1998 2 seat amphibious biplane, 91 builtAlpaero Exel 1998 motoplaneur monoplane en kit, 9 ex.Sea Storm Z2 , 1998 hydravion biplane, 12 builtAAC SeaStar 2002 amphibious 2 seater, 91 builtEkolot JK 01A Elf 2006 motorglider monoplaneBagalini Bagaliante circa 2010 motorglider 1 seatICON Aircraft A5 2013 2 seat amphibious light sport, in productionVickers Aircraft Wave 2 seat carbon fiber amphibious light sport aircraft, in final development
Propeller behind the tail
Lateral behind wing
Curtiss H-1 America 1914 transatlantic biplane, 2 builtFriedrichshafen G.I 1915 bomber, 1 builtLFG Roland G.I 1915 bomber, 1 builtRumpler G.I , II and III 1915 bomber c.220 builtSchutte-Lanz G.I 1915 bomber 1 built (behind wing)Airco DH.3 1916 bomber, 2 builtAvro 523 Pike 1916 bomber, 2 builtFriedrichshafen G.II 1916 bomber, 35 builtGotha G.II 1916 bomber, 11 builtGotha G.III 1916 bomber, 25 builtGotha G.IV 1916 bomber, 230 builtRoyal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 1916 bomber, 2 builtFriedrichshafen G.III 1917 bomber, 338 builtGotha G.V 1917 bomber, 205 builtBoeing GA-1 1920 bomber 10 builtUdet U 11 Kondor 1926 airliner, 1 built1930 and later
Praga E-210 and E-211 1936 transport, 2 built[ 29] Bell YFM-1 Airacuda 1937 interceptor, 13 builtConvair B-36 Peacemaker 1946 bomber, 384 builtBaumann Brigadier 1947 transport, 2 builtNord 2100 Norazur 1947 transport, 1 builtMonsted-Vincent MV-1 Starflight 1948 airliner, 1 builtPiaggio P.136 1948 amphibious transport, 63 builtDinfia IA 45 Querandi 1957 5/6 seater, 2 builtPiaggio P.166 1957 transport, 145 builtAAC Angel , 1984 transport, 4 builtPiaggio P.180 Avanti 1986 executive transport, 216+ builtMc Donnel Douglas MD-80 1987 Liner experimental Propfan
EM-11 Orka 2003 4 seat transport, 5 builtBurevestnik-24 2004 ground-effect aircraft 24 seats, 6 builtOMA SUD Skycar 2007 transport, 1 builtAeroprakt A-36 Vulcan 2011 2 seater
Lateral nacelles
Remote drive
Propeller ahead of tail
Within airframe
Behind wing
Inside tail
Behind tail
Antoinette I , 1906, 2 seats experimental, project[ 37] Paulhan-Tatin Aéro-Torpille No.1 1911 monoplane, 1 built [ 38] Kasyanenko No. 5 1917 experimental biplane, 1 built[ 39] [ 40] [ 41] Göppingen Gö 9 1941 experimental propulsion aircraft, 1 builtDornier Do 212 1942 experimental amphibian, 1 built[ 42] Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster 1944, bomber, 2 builtDouglas DC-8 (piston airliner) 1945, transport project, not builtLockheed Big Dipper 1945 transport, 1 built [ 43] Douglas Cloudster II 1947 transport, 1 builtWaco Aristocraft 1947 transport, 1 builtAcme Sierra 1948 1 seat experimental, 1 builtAllenbaugh Grey Ghost , 1948 1 seat experimental, 1 builtParks Alumni Racer, 1949 1 seat experimental, 1 built [ 44]
Planet Satellite 1949 4 seat transport, 1 builtTaylor Aerocar 1949 2 seat roadable aircraft, 6 builtPützer Bussard SR-57 1958 experimental 2 seater, 90 hp, 1 built [ 45] 1960 and later
HMPAC Puffin 1961 human powered aircraft, 2 builtLesher Nomad 1961 experimental 2 seater homebuilt, one builtAerocar Aero-Plane 1964 four seater 1 builtLesher Teal 1965 experimental 1 seat homebuilt, one builtHPA Toucan 1972 human powered aircraft, 1 built[ 46] Ryson STP-1 Swallow 1972 2 seat homebuilt motorglider, 1 builtBede BD-5 1973 1 seat homebuilt, about 150 builtAerocar Mini-IMP 1974 1 seat homebuilt, 250+ built[ 47] AmEagle American Eaglet 1975 1 seat self-launching ultralight sailplane, 12 builtLandray GL.02 1978 tandem layout (Pou du Ciel) 1 seat, 1 builtGrinvalds Orion 1981 4 seat homebuilt, about 17 builtLearAvia Lear Fan 1981 transport, 3 built[ 48] Cirrus VK-30 1988 5 seat homebuilt, about 13 builtMiller JM-2 and Pushy Galore 1989 racer, 3 built[ 49] SolarFlight Sunseeker I 1990 solar aircraft 1 seater, 1 ex.Grob GF 200 1991 transport, 1 builtMyasishchev Mayal 1992 multi-purpose amphibian, 1 built[ 50] [ 51]
NASA Perseus 1994 research aircraft, 1 built
Vmax Probe 1997 homebuilt racer, 1 built[ 52] Ameur Aviation Balbuzard/Baljims/Altania 1995 2 seater prototypes, 5 builtBede BD-12 1998 2 seat homebuilt, 1 builtAceair AERIKS 200 2002 2 seat kitplane, 1 builtChudzik CC-02 Rafale 2007 prototype three surface 2 seater tandem, 1ex.[ 53]
LH Aviation LH-10 Ellipse 2007 2 seat homebuilt, 3 built
Propeller above fuselage or wing
Schleicher ASH 26 1995 1 seat glider with retractable propeller, 234 builtAirfish-3 WIG 1990 Wing In Ground Effect demonstrator one seat, 1 built
Airfish-8 WIG 2007 Wing In Ground Effect transport prototype 8/10 seats, 2 built
Canard and tandem layouts
A canard is an aircraft with a smaller wing ahead of the main wing. A tandem layout has both front and rear wings of similar dimensions.
Direct drive
Santos-Dumont 14-bis 1906 first public controlled sustained flight, 1 builtFabre Hydravion 1910, first successful floatplane, 1 builtPaulhan biplane 1910, 3 builtVoisin Canard 1911 biplane, 10+ builtGee Bee Model Q 1931 experimental, 1 builtAmbrosini SS.2 & 3 1935 experimental aircraft, 2 built[ note 2] Ambrosini SS.4 1939 prototype fighter, 1 builtCurtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender 1943 prototype fighter, 3 builtMiles M.35 Libellula 1942, experimental tandem wing carrier-based fighter, 1 builtMiles M.39B Libellula 1943, experimental (5/8 scale) tandem wing carrier-based bomber, 1 builtSkoda-Kauba V7 1944 1 seat, project[ 54] 1945 and later
In this section Rutan pushers are more than 1000 built.
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 Utka 1945 swept wing demonstrator prototype, 1 builtLockspeiser LDA-01 1971 experimental scale development aircraft, 1 builtRutan VariViggen 1972 homebuilt, about 20 builtRutan VariEze 1975 2 seat homebuilt, about 400 builtRutan Long-EZ 1979 2 seat homebuilt, about 800 builtDiehl Aeronautical XTC Hydrolight 1981 amphibian UL 1 seatOMAC Laser 300 1981, transport, 3 builtCozy III 1982 3 seater amateur builtAvtek 400 1984 transport, 1 builtCozy Mk IV 1988 four seater amateur built, ~ 350 builtBeechcraft Starship 1989 airliner, 53 builtBerkut 360 1988 2 seater tandem, 31 builtAASI Jetcruzer 1989 transport, 3 builtVelocity SE 1995 4 seater, ~ 268 builtSteve Wright Stagger-Ez 2003 modified Cozy homebuilt, 1 builtRMT Bateleur 115 T 2007 2 seater [ 55] E-Go Aeroplanes e-Go 2013 ultralight and light-sport aircraft, 1 builtCobalt Co50 Walkyrie 2015 prototype 4 seater, 1 built
Remote engine mounting
Langley Aerodrome Number 5 1896 experimental model[ 46] Wright Flyer 1903 experimental airplane, first recognized powered, sustained flight, 1 builtWright Model A 1906 biplane, about 60 builtDeperdussin-de Feure model 2, 1910, experimental, 1 built [ 56]
De Bruyere C1 1917 fighter prototype 1 seater, 1 ex.[ 57]
Kyūshū J7W , prototype fighter, 1 seat, 2130 hp, 1945, 2 builtAeroVironment Gossamer Condor 1977 human powered aircraft won Kremer prize , 1 builtAeroVironment Gossamer Albatross 1979 human powered aircraft, 2 builtDickey E-Racer 1986 homebuilt, unk no. built[ 58] [ 59] British Aerospace P.1233-1 Saba 1988 anti-helicopter and close air support attack aircraft, project[ 60]
Joined wings
A tandem (or three-surface) configuration whose wingtips are joined is a Closed wing .
Tailless aircraft
Tailless aircraft lack a horizontal stabilizer .
Dunne D.4 1908, 1 builtDunne D.5 1910, 1 builtDunne D.6 & D.7 1911 monoplane, 2 builtDunne D.8 1912, 5 builtWestland-Hill Pterodactyl series 1928, several builtLippisch Delta 1 1931, experimental tailless monoplane, 1 built[ 63] Waterman Whatsit 1932 roadable aircraft, 1 builtWaterman Arrowplane 1935 roadable aircraft, 1 builtWaterman Arrowbile 1937 roadable aircraft, 5 builtKayaba Ku-4 1941 (not flown) research aircraft, 1 builtHandley Page Manx 1943 experimental tailless aircraft, 1 builtNorthrop XP-56 Black Bullet 1943 tailless fighter, 2 builtSud-Est SE-2100 , prototype tourer, 2 seats, 140 hp, 1945 [ 64] M.L. Aviation Utility 1953 inflatable wing, 4 builtDINFIA IA 38 1960 transport, 1 builtFauvel AV.45 1960 1 seat motor glider, unk no. builtRohr 2-175 1974 2 seat roadable aircraft, 1 built[ 65] [ 66] Cascade Kasperwing I-80 1976 UL 1 seaterPterodactyl Ascender 1979 1 seat ultralight, 1396 builtMitchell U2 Superwing 1980 1 seat ultralightFacet Opal, 1988, 1 seat, experimental flying wing, 1 built [ 67]
Wingco Atlantica 2002 Blended wing-body demonstrator 5 seats, 1 built [ 68] Aériane Swift Light PAS 2007 monoplaneHorten Aircraft HX-2 2019 2 seat prototype[ 69]
Flying wings
Flying wings lack a distinct fuselage, with crew, engines, and payload contained within the wing structure.
Push-pull aircraft
Sides of fuselage
Above fuselage
Felixstowe Porte Baby 1915 patrol flying boat, 11 builtCurtiss NC 1918 patrol flying boat, 10 builtJohns Multiplane 1919 bomber, 1 builtBristol Pullman 1920 airliner, 1 builtNaval Aircraft Factory TF 1920 fighter flying boat, 4 builtSIAI S.22 1921 racing flying boat, 1 builtDornier Wal 1922 flying boat, about 300 builtCAMS 33 1923 patrol flying boat, 21 builtMacchi M.24 1924 flying boat, unk. no builtSavoia-Marchetti S.55 1924 flying boat, 243+ builtBoeing XPB 1925 patrol flying boat, 1 builtCaproni Ca.73 1925 bomber unk. no. builtNVI F.K.33 1925 airliner, 1 builtCAMS 51 1926 flying boat, 3 builtDornier Do R Superwal 1926 airliner flying boat, 19 builtKawasaki Ka 87 1926 bomber, 28 builtLatécoère 21 1926 airliner flying boat, 7 builtLatécoère 23 1927 transport flying boat, 1 builtLatécoère 24 1927 mailplane flying boat, 1 builtFarman F.180 1927 airliner, 3 builtSavoia-Marchetti S.63 1927 flying boat, 1 built[ 74] CAMS 53 1928 transport flying boat, 30 builtCAMS 55 1928 patrol flying boat, 112 builtLatécoère 32 1928 mailplane flying boat, 8 builtLatham 47 1928 patrol flying boat, 16 builtDornier X 1929 airliner flying boat, 3 builtComte AC-3 1930 bomber, 1 builtDornier Do P 1930 bomber, 1 builtDornier Do S 1930 flying boat, 1 built[ 75] Hinkler Ibis 1930 2 seat monoplane, 1 builtLatécoère 340 1930 airliner flying boat, 1 builtLatécoère 380 1930 flying boat, 5 builtBlériot 125 1931 airliner, 1 builtBratu 220 1932 airliner, 1 builtLatécoère 500 1932 transport flying boat, 2 builtCaproni Ca.90 1929 bomber, 1 builtSikorsky XP2S 1932 patrol flying boat, 1 built[ 76] CAMS 58 1933 airliner flying boat, 4 builtLioré et Olivier LeO H-27 1933 mailplane flying boat 1 builtLoire 70 1933 patrol flying boat, 8 builtTupolev ANT-16 1933 bomber 1 builtTupolev ANT-20 1934 transport, 2 builtTupolev MTB-1 1934 patrol flying boat, 25 builtDornier Do 18 1935 patrol flying boat, 170 builtBartini DAR 1936 patrol flying boat, 1 builtChyetverikov ARK-3 1936 flying boat, 7 builtDornier Do 26 1939 push-pull flying boat, 6 builtDornier Seastar 1984 push-pull amphibious 12 seats, 2 built
Extremities
On nose and between booms
Siemens-Schuckert DDr.I 1917 fighter, 1 builtThomas-Morse MB-4 1920 mailplane, 2+ builtBellanca TES 1929, distance record aircraft, 1 builtSavoia-Marchetti S.65 1929 racing floatplane 1 builtTupolev I-12 1931 Fighter prototypeFokker D.XXIII 1939 fighter, 1 builtMoskalyev SAM-13 1940 (unflown) push-pull fighter, 0 built[ 78] Marton X/V (RMI-8) 1944 (unflown) fighter, 1 destroyed before completionCessna Skymaster 1963 push-pull transport, 2993 builtCanaero Toucan 1986 ultralight, 16+ builtSchweizer RU-38 Twin Condor 1995 push-pull reconnaissance aircraft, 5 builtAdam A500 2002 push-pull transport, 7 built
On wings and between booms
Rotorcraft
See also
Bibliography
Extension-Shaft Pusher Type Aircraft, Sport aviation[ 79]
References
Notes
^ a b the propeller revolves on the upper boom
^ see Ambrosini SS.4#Development
^ Extension shaft on aft engine. The tractor engine only used during take-off, climb and some part of the course. It was actually used to cope with aft engine trouble
Citations
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