Musaylima
Musaylima (Arabic: مُسَيْلِمَةُ)[a], d.632, was a claimant of prophethood[3][4][5] from the Banu Hanifa tribe.[6][7] Based from Diriyah in present day Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, he claimed to be a prophet and was an enemy of Islam in 7th-century Arabia. He was a leader of the enemies of Islam during the Ridda wars.[8] He is considered by Muslims to be a false prophet (نبي كاذب).[9] He is commonly called Musaylima al-Kadhāb (مسيلمة الكذاب, 'Musaylima the Arch-Liar') by Muslims.[10] Musaylima was said to have composed in saj', a type of rhymed prose that was common in pre-Islamic artistic speech.[11] EtymologyMusaylima's actual name was Maslama, but Muslims altered his name to Musaylima, which is the diminutive of Maslama (i.e., 'Little Maslama').[10] The name maslama contains an Arabic or Syriac participal-nominal substratum like muslim (submitter). Maslama may be a title derived from aslam which is a verb associated with prophethood.[12] Early lifeMusaylima was the son of Habib, of the tribe Banu Hanifa, one of the largest tribes of Arabia that inhabited the region of Najd. The Banu Hanifa were a monotheist branch of Banu Bakr and led an independent existence prior to Islam.[13] Among the first accounts of him describe events in the late 9th Hijri, the Year of Delegations, when he accompanied a delegation of his tribe to Medina. The delegation included two other prominent Muslims. They would later help Musaylima rise to power and save their tribe from destruction. These men were Nahar Ar-Rajjal bin Unfuwa[14] and Muja'a bin Marara. In Medina, the deputation stayed with the daughter of al-Harith, a woman of the Ansar from the Banu Najjar. When the delegation arrived at Medina the camels were tied in a traveler's camp, and Musaylima remained there to look after them while the other delegates went in. They had talks with Muhammad. The delegation before their departure embraced Islam and renounced Christianity without compunction. As was his custom, Muhammad presented gifts to the delegates, and when they had received their gifts one said, "We left one of our comrades in the camp to look after our mounts." Muhammad gave them gifts for him also, and added, "He is not the least among you that he should stay behind to guard the property of his comrades." On their return they converted the tribe of Banu Hanifa to Islam. Self-proclaimed prophethoodMusaylima, who is alleged as having been a skilled magician by Muslim historians, is said to have performed unusual feats that amazed onlookers.[15] Musaylima also shared verses purporting them to have been revelations from God.[14] Al-Tabari in his History of the Prophets and Kings chronicles that Musaylima also proposed to share power over Arabia with Muhammad. On 10 Hijri, he wrote to Muhammad:[16]
Muhammad, is said to have replied:[16]
Personal lifeDuring the Ridda wars which emerged following the death of Muhammad, Sajah bint al-Harith declared that she was a prophetess after learning that Musaylima and Tulayha had declared prophethood.[17] 4,000 people gathered around her to march on Medina. Others joined her against Medina. However, her planned attack on Medina was called off after she learned that the army of Khalid ibn al-Walid had defeated Tulayha al-Asadi (another self-proclaimed prophet).[18] Thereafter, she sought cooperation with Musaylima to oppose the threat of Khalid.[18] A mutual understanding was initially reached with Musaylima. Eventually, the two married and she accepted his prophethood (although she later recanted and died a Muslim).[18] Khalid then defeated the remaining rebellious elements around Sajah, and then moved on to defeat Musaylima.[18] DeathMusaylima fought in the Battle of Yamama, and was killed by Wahshi ibn Harb.[8] See also
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