The PB2 E627K mutation in the viral polymerase of H5N1 (colloquially known as bird flu ) allows for interaction with the mammalian gene ANP32A [ 1] for optimal viral replication.[ 1] Such host switching can be of grave public health concern.[ 2] [ 3] [ 4] It was first noted in the scientific literature in February 2014,[ 5] and emerged in the then-novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade in 2020.[ 6] Host adaptation has been noted as being "rapid";[ 7] the most recent outbreak was posited to be in San Bernardino County, California dairy cow herds in March 2025.[ 8]
Nomenclature
Following the standard format in virology , PB2 refers to the PB2 protein, E to glutamic acid (the original amino acid ), 627 to its position in the PB2 protein sequence, and K (lysine ) the amino acid mutation replacing the default glutamic acid.[ 9]
References
^ a b "GISAID - Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreak in the United States" . gisaid.org .
^ Robinson-McCarthy, Lindsey R.; Zirckel, Kylie E.; Simmons, Holly C.; Le Sage, Valerie; McCarthy, Kevin R. (February 27, 2025). "A replicating recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus model for dairy cattle H5N1 influenza virus glycoprotein evolution" . BioRxiv: The Preprint Server for Biology : 2025.02.27.640582. doi :10.1101/2025.02.27.640582 . PMC 11888439 . PMID 40060653 .
^ Uyeki, Timothy M.; Milton, Scott; Hamid, Cherissa Abdul; Webb, Cynthia Reinoso; Presley, Steven M.; Shetty, Varun; Rollo, Susan N.; Martinez, Diana L.; Rai, Saroj; Gonzales, Emilio R.; Kniss, Krista L.; Jang, Yunho; Frederick, Julia C.; Cruz, Juan A. De La; Liddell, Jimma; Di, Han; Kirby, Marie K.; Barnes, John R.; Davis, C. Todd (June 5, 2024). "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in a Dairy Farm Worker" . New England Journal of Medicine . 390 (21): 2028– 2029. doi :10.1056/NEJMc2405371 . PMID 38700506 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
^ "ALERT: Deadly H5N1 Mutation Found in US Dairy Herds—Pandemic Risk Rising" . March 13, 2025.
^ Jonges, Marcel; Welkers, Matthijs R. A.; Jeeninga, Rienk E.; Meijer, Adam; Schneeberger, Peter; Fouchier, Ron A. M.; de Jong, Menno D.; Koopmans, Marion (February 13, 2014). "Emergence of the Virulence-Associated PB2 E627K Substitution in a Fatal Human Case of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H7N7) Infection as Determined by Illumina Ultra-Deep Sequencing" . Journal of Virology . 88 (3): 1694– 1702. doi :10.1128/JVI.02044-13 . PMC 3911586 . PMID 24257603 .
^ Marchenko, Vasiliy Yu; Panova, Anastasia S.; Kolosova, Natalia P.; Gudymo, Andrey S.; Svyatchenko, Svetlana V.; Danilenko, Alexey V.; Vasiltsova, Natalia N.; Egorova, Marina L.; Onkhonova, Galina S.; Zhestkov, Pavel D.; Zinyakov, Nikolay G.; Andreychuk, Dmitriy B.; Chvala, Ilya A.; Kosenko, Maksim N.; Moiseeva, Anastasia A.; Boldyrev, Nikita D.; Shadrinova, Kiunnei N.; Perfilieva, Olga N.; Ryzhikov, Alexander B. (November 3, 2024). "Characterization of H5N1 avian influenza virus isolated from bird in Russia with the E627K mutation in the PB2 protein" . Scientific Reports . 14 (1): 26490. Bibcode :2024NatSR..1426490M . doi :10.1038/s41598-024-78175-y . PMC 11532466 . PMID 39489822 .
^ Liu, William J.; Li, Jun; Zou, Rongrong; Pan, Jingcao; Jin, Tao; Li, Liqiang; Liu, Peipei; Zhao, Yingze; Yu, Xinfen; Wang, Haoqiu; Liu, Guang; Jiang, Hui; Bi, Yuhai; Liu, Lei; Yuen, Kwok-Yung; Liu, Yingxia; Gao, George F. (September 22, 2020). "Dynamic PB2-E627K substitution of influenza H7N9 virus indicates the in vivo genetic tuning and rapid host adaptation" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 117 (38): 23807– 23814. Bibcode :2020PNAS..11723807L . doi :10.1073/pnas.2013267117 . PMC 7519270 . PMID 32873642 .
^ "Bird flu-infected San Bernardino County dairy cows may have concerning new mutation" . Los Angeles Times . March 12, 2025.
^ "DeepSeek" .