Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date This article contains Unicode mathematical symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of mathematical symbols. The following table lists many specialized symbols commonly used in modern mathematics, ordered by their introduction date. The table can also be ordered alphabetically by clicking on the relevant header title. Symbol Name Date of earliest use First author to use — horizontal bar for division 14th century (approx.) Nicole Oresme[1] + plus sign 1360 (approx.), abbreviation for Latin et resembling the plus sign Nicole Oresme − minus sign 1489 (first appearance of minus sign, and also first appearance of plus sign in print) Johannes Widmann √ radical symbol (for square root) 1525 (without the vinculum above the radicand) Christoff Rudolff (...) parentheses (for precedence grouping) 1544 (in handwritten notes) Michael Stifel 1556 Niccolò Tartaglia = equals sign 1557 Robert Recorde . decimal separator 1593 Christopher Clavius × multiplication sign 1618 William Oughtred ± plus–minus sign 1628 ∷ proportion sign n√   radical symbol (for nth root) 1629 Albert Girard < > strict inequality signs (less-than sign and greater-than sign) 1631 Thomas Harriot xy   superscript notation (for exponentiation) 1636 (using Roman numerals as superscripts) James Hume 1637 (in the modern form) René Descartes (La Géométrie) x   Use of the letter x for an independent variable or unknown value. See History of algebra: The symbol x. 1637[2] René Descartes (La Géométrie) √ ̅ radical symbol (for square root) 1637 (with the vinculum above the radicand) René Descartes (La Géométrie) % percent sign 1650 (approx.) unknown ∞ infinity sign 1655 John Wallis ÷ division sign (a repurposed obelus variant) 1659 Johann Rahn ≤ ≥ unstrict inequality signs (less-than or equals to sign and greater-than or equals to sign) 1670 (with the horizontal bar over the inequality sign, rather than below it) John Wallis 1734 (with double horizontal bar below the inequality sign) Pierre Bouguer d differential sign 1675 Gottfried Leibniz ∫ integral sign : colon (for division) 1684 (deriving from use of colon to denote fractions, dating back to 1633) · middle dot (for multiplication) 1698 (perhaps deriving from a much earlier use of middle dot to separate juxtaposed numbers) ⁄ division slash (a.k.a. solidus) 1718 (deriving from horizontal fraction bar, invented by Abu Bakr al-Hassar in the 12th century) Thomas Twining ≠ inequality sign (not equal to) unknown Leonhard Euler x′ prime symbol (for derivative) 1748 Σ summation symbol 1755 ∝ proportionality sign 1768 William Emerson ∂ partial differential sign (a.k.a. curly d or Jacobi's delta) 1770 Marquis de Condorcet ≡ identity sign (for congruence relation) 1801 (first appearance in print; used previously in personal writings of Gauss) Carl Friedrich Gauss [x] integral part (a.k.a. floor) 1808 ! factorial 1808 Christian Kramp Π product symbol 1812 Carl Friedrich Gauss ⊂ ⊃ set inclusion signs (subset of, superset of) 1817 Joseph Gergonne 1890 Ernst Schröder |...| absolute value notation 1841 Karl Weierstrass determinant of a matrix 1841 Arthur Cayley ‖...‖ matrix notation 1843[3] ∇ nabla symbol (for vector differential) 1846 (previously used by Hamilton as a general-purpose operator sign) William Rowan Hamilton ∩ ∪ intersection union 1888 Giuseppe Peano ℵ aleph symbol (for transfinite cardinal numbers) 1893 Georg Cantor ∈ membership sign (is an element of) 1894 Giuseppe Peano O Big O Notation 1894 Paul Bachmann {...} braces, a.k.a. curly brackets (for set notation) 1895 Georg Cantor ${\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }$ Blackboard bold capital N (for natural numbers set) 1895 Giuseppe Peano ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }$ Blackboard bold capital Q (for rational numbers set) ∃ existential quantifier (there exists) 1897 · middle dot (for dot product) 1902 J. Willard Gibbs × multiplication sign (for cross product) ∨ logical disjunction (a.k.a. OR) 1906 Bertrand Russell (...) matrix notation 1909[3] Maxime Bôcher [...]   1909[3] Gerhard Kowalewski ∮ contour integral sign 1917 Arnold Sommerfeld ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }$ Blackboard bold capital Z (for integer numbers set) 1930 Edmund Landau ∀ universal quantifier (for all) 1935 Gerhard Gentzen → arrow (for function notation) 1936 (to denote images of specific elements) Øystein Ore 1940 (in the present form of f: X → Y) Witold Hurewicz ∅ empty set sign 1939 André Weil / Nicolas Bourbaki[4] ${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }$ Blackboard bold capital C (for complex numbers set) 1939 Nathan Jacobson ∎ end of proof sign (a.k.a. tombstone) 1950[5] Paul Halmos ⌊x⌋ ⌈x⌉ greatest integer ≤ x (a.k.a. floor) smallest integer ≥ x (a.k.a. ceiling) 1962[6] Kenneth E. Iverson See also History of mathematical notation History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system Glossary of mathematical symbols List of mathematical symbols by subject Mathematical notation Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode Sources ^ Cajori, Florian (1993). A History of Mathematical Notations. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ^ Boyer, Carl B. (1991), A History of Mathematics (Second ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8 ^ a b c "Earliest Uses of Symbols for Matrices and Vectors". jeff560.tripod.com. Retrieved 18 December 2016. ^ Weil, André (1992), The Apprenticeship of a Mathematician, Springer, p. 114, ISBN 9783764326500. ^ Halmos, Paul (1950). Measure Theory. New York: Van Nostrand. pp. vi. The symbol ∎ is used throughout the entire book in place of such phrases as "Q.E.D." or "This completes the proof of the theorem" to signal the end of a proof. ^ Kenneth E. Iverson (1962), A Programming Language, Wiley, retrieved 20 April 2016 External links RapidTables: Math Symbols List Jeff Miller: Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols

Index: pl ar de en es fr it arz nl ja pt ceb sv uk vi war zh ru af ast az bg zh-min-nan bn be ca cs cy da et el eo eu fa gl ko hi hr id he ka la lv lt hu mk ms min no nn ce uz kk ro simple sk sl sr sh fi ta tt th tg azb tr ur zh-yue hy my ace als am an hyw ban bjn map-bms ba be-tarask bcl bpy bar bs br cv nv eml hif fo fy ga gd gu hak ha hsb io ig ilo ia ie os is jv kn ht ku ckb ky mrj lb lij li lmo mai mg ml zh-classical mr xmf mzn cdo mn nap new ne frr oc mhr or as pa pnb ps pms nds crh qu sa sah sco sq scn si sd szl su sw tl shn te bug vec vo wa wuu yi yo diq bat-smg zu lad kbd ang smn ab roa-rup frp arc gn av ay bh bi bo bxr cbk-zam co za dag ary se pdc dv dsb myv ext fur gv gag inh ki glk gan guw xal haw rw kbp pam csb kw km kv koi kg gom ks gcr lo lbe ltg lez nia ln jbo lg mt mi tw mwl mdf mnw nqo fj nah na nds-nl nrm nov om pi pag pap pfl pcd krc kaa ksh rm rue sm sat sc trv stq nso sn cu so srn kab roa-tara tet tpi to chr tum tk tyv udm ug vep fiu-vro vls wo xh zea ty ak bm ch ny ee ff got iu ik kl mad cr pih ami pwn pnt dz rmy rn sg st tn ss ti din chy ts kcg ve

Prefix: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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