V (programming language)
V, also known as vlang, is a statically typed, compiled programming language created by Alexander Medvednikov in early 2019.[4] It was inspired by the language Go, and other influences including Oberon, Swift, and Rust.[5][6][7] It is free and open-source software released under the MIT License, and currently in beta.[8] The goals of V include ease of use, readability, and maintainability.[9][10] HistoryAccording to various sources, the new language was created as a result of frustration with existing languages being used for personal projects.[11][12][13] The language was originally intended for personal use, but after it was mentioned publicly and gained interest, it was decided to make it public. V was initially created in order to develop a desktop messaging client known as Volt.[6] Upon public release, the compiler was written in V, and could compile itself.[4][12] Key design goals behind the creation of V were being easy to learn and use, higher readability, fast compilation, increased safety, efficient development, cross-platform usability, improved C interoperability, better error handling, modern features, and more maintainable software.[14][15][10][16] V is released and developed through GitHub[17][6] and maintained by developers and contributors from around the world.[4][13] It is among the languages that have been listed on the TIOBE index.[18]  FeaturesSafetyV has policies to facilitate memory-safety, speed, and secure code.[20][21][13] The language has various default features for greater program safety.[7][20][13] It employs bounds checking, to guard against out of bounds usage of variables. Option/result types are used, where the option type ( PerformanceV uses value types and string buffers to reduce memory allocations.[22][23][20] The language can be compiled to human-readable C,[4] and in terms of execution and compilation, it's considered to be as performant.[20][13] Memory managementThe language's 4 supported options for memory management are the following:[24][6][12]
Source code translatorsV supports a source-to-source compiler (transpiler) and can translate C code into V.[25][26][10] Working translators are also under development for Go, JavaScript, and WebAssembly.[27][28][13] SyntaxHello worldThe "Hello, World!" program in V:[20] fn main() {
println("Hello, World!")
}
VariablesVariables are immutable by default and are defined using a := 1
mut b := 2
b = 3
Redeclaring a variable, whether in an inner scope or in the same scope, is not allowed:[29] a := 1
{
a := 3 // error: redefinition of a
}
a := 2 // error: redefinition of a
StructsStruct example:[14] struct Point {
x int
y int
}
mut p := Point {
x: 10
y: 20
}
println(p.x) // Struct fields are accessed using a dot
// Alternative literal syntax for structs with 3 fields or fewer
p = Point{10, 20}
assert p.x == 10
Heap structsStructs are allocated on the stack by default. To allocate a struct on the heap and get a reference to it, the struct Point {
x int
y int
}
p := &Point{10, 10}
// References have the same syntax for accessing fields
println(p.x)
MethodsMethods in V are functions defined with a receiver argument. The receiver appears in its own argument list between the fn keyword and the method name. Methods must be in the same module as the receiver type. The is_registered method has a receiver of type User named u. The convention is not to use receiver names like self or this, but preferably a short name. For example:[9][14] struct User {
age int
}
fn (u User) is_registered() bool {
return u.age > 16
}
user := User{
age: 10
}
println(user.is_registered()) // "false"
user2 := User{
age: 20
}
println(user2.is_registered()) // "true"
Error handlingOptional types are for types which may represent none. Result types may represent an error returned from a function. Option types are declared by prepending fn do_something(s string) !string {
if s == "foo" {
return "foo"
}
return error("invalid string")
}
a := do_something("foo") or { "default" } // a will be "foo"
b := do_something("bar") or { "default" } // b will be "default"
c := do_something("bar") or { panic("{err}") } // exits with error "invalid string" and a traceback
println(a)
println(b)
See also
References
Further reading
External links |
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