V (programming language)
V, also known as vlang, is a statically typed, compiled programming language created by Alexander Medvednikov in early 2019.[4] It was inspired by Go, and other programming languages including Oberon, Swift, and Rust.[5][6][7] It is free and open-source software released under the MIT License, and currently in beta.[8] The goals of V include ease of use, readability, and maintainability.[9][10][11] HistoryThe new language was created as a result of frustration with existing languages being used for personal projects.[12] It was originally intended for personal use, but after being mentioned publicly and increasing interest, it was decided to make it public. V was initially created to develop a desktop messaging client named Volt.[6] On public release, the compiler was written in V, and could compile itself.[4][12] Key design goals in creating V were being easy to learn and use, higher readability, fast compiling, increased safety, efficient development, cross-platform usability, improved C interoperability, better error handling, modern features, and more maintainable software.[13][14][10][15] V is released and developed through GitHub,[16][6] and maintained by developers and contributors internationally.[4] It is among the languages that have been listed on the TIOBE index.[17]  FeaturesSafetyV has policies to facilitate memory-safety, speed, and secure code,[13][19][6] including various default features for greater program safety.[7][13][12] It employs bounds checking, to guard against out of bounds use of variables. Option/result types are used, where the option data type ( PerformanceV uses value types and string buffers to reduce memory allocations.[20][21][13] The language can be compiled to human-readable C,[7][4] and in terms of execution and compilation, it's considered to be as performant.[13][14][12] Memory managementV supports 4 memory management options:[22][6][12]
Source code translatorsV supports a source-to-source compiler (transpiler) and can translate C code into V.[14][23][10] Working translators are also being developed for Go, JavaScript, and WebAssembly.[24][25][4] SyntaxHello worldThe "Hello, World!" program in V:[13] fn main() {
println("Hello, World!")
}
VariablesVariables are immutable by default and are defined using x := 1
mut y := 2
y = 3
Redeclaring a variable, whether in an inner scope or in the same scope, is not allowed:[26] x := 1
{
x := 3 // error: redefinition of x
}
x := 2 // error: redefinition of x
Structsstruct Place {
a int
b int
}
mut p := Place {
a: 15
b: 25
}
println(p.a) // A dot is used to access struct fields
// Alternative literal syntax can be used
p = Place{15, 25}
assert p.a == 15
Heap structsStructs are allocated on the stack by default. The struct Place {
a int
b int
}
p := &Place{30, 30}
// References use the same syntax to access fields
println(p.a)
MethodsMethods in V are functions defined with a receiver argument. The receiver appears in its own argument list between the fn keyword and the method name. Methods must be in the same module as the receiver type. The is_registered method has a receiver of type User named u. The convention is not to use receiver names like self or this, but preferably a short name. For example:[9][10] struct User {
age int
}
fn (u User) is_registered() bool {
return u.age > 16
}
user := User{
age: 10
}
println(user.is_registered()) // "false"
user2 := User{
age: 20
}
println(user2.is_registered()) // "true"
Error handlingOptional types are for types which may represent none. Result types may represent an error returned from a function. Option types are declared by prepending fn something(t string) !string {
if t == "foo" { return "foo" }
return error("invalid string")
}
x := something("foo") or { "default" } // x will be "foo"
y := something("car") or { "default" } // y will be "default"
z := something("car") or { panic("{err}") } // will exit with error "invalid string" and a traceback
println(x)
println(y)
See also
References
Further reading
External links |
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