本項は、クエーサーの一覧(list of quasars)である。
クエーサーの正式な名前は、B1950.0を用いたQxxxx±yyかJ2000.0を用いたQSO Jxxxx±yyyyという形の、天体カタログの登録番号である。接頭辞としてはQSRが用いられることもある。現在、裸眼で見えるクエーサーはない。
クエーサーの一覧
命名されたクエーサーの一覧
以下は、カタログの記号による名前ではない一般名を持つクエーサーの一覧である。
| クエーサー
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名前の起源
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備考
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| ツインクエーサー
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重力レンズ効果により、同じクエーサーが2つの像が見えることから
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| アインシュタインの十字架
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クエーサーの重力レンズ効果により、重力レンズの概念である「アインシュタインの十字架」のほぼ完全な形が見えることから
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| トリプルクエーサー
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同じクエーサーの重力レンズ効果によって、3つの明るい像が見えることから
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実際は4つの像があるが、4つめは暗い。
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| 四つ葉のクローバークエーサー
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四つ葉のクローバーに似た形に見えることから。重力レンズ効果によって、ほぼ同じ形の4つの像が見える。
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複数の像を持つクエーサーの一覧
以下は、重力レンズ効果の結果として、地球から複数の像が見えるクエーサーの一覧である。
クエーサーのアソシエーションの一覧
以下は、二重クエーサー、三重クエーサーの一覧である。複数のクエーサーが近い視線上にあるが、物理的には関連していない。
物理的なクエーサー群の一覧
以下は、連星クエーサーの一覧である。クエーサーは、互いに物理的な作用を及ぼしあっている。
大クエーサー群
大クエーサー群 (LQG)は、銀河フィラメントと結びついており、互いには直接結びついていない。
超光速運動を見せるクエーサーの一覧
以下は、相対論的効果と視線方向のため、超光速運動するように見えるジェットを持つクエーサーの一覧である。このようなクエーサーは、「超光速クエーサー」(superluminal quasars)と呼ばれることもある。
一般的なクエーサーは、後退速度が光速よりも速いことには留意する必要がある。z>1の全てのクエーサーは、我々から光速より速く遠ざかっている[23]。超光速を説明するために、z=2.326またはz<2.4の上限が考えられた[24]。z=1は、我々から光速で遠ざかっていることを意味している。クエーサーの大部分は、z=2とz=5の間である。
最初
極端なクエーサー
早い時期に発見されたクエーサー
遠いクエーサー
[59]
クエーサーが初めて、宇宙で最も遠い天体となったのは、1964年である。それ以来、1997年に銀河団CL 1358+62による重力レンズ効果を受ける1対の非クエーサー銀河(CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2)抜かれるまでずっと、クエーサーが宇宙で最も遠い天体であった[110]。
最も強力なクエーサー
脚注
- ^ a b Time Magazine, Toward the Edge of the Universe, Friday, May. 21, 1965
- ^ a b c Sky & Telescope Lensed Quasars Hit the Charts February 13, 2004
- ^ Magain, P.; Surdej, J.; Swings, J.-P.; Borgeest, U.; Kayser, R. (1988). “Discovery of a quadruply lensed quasar - The 'clover leaf' H1413 + 117”. Nature 334 (6180): 325-327. Bibcode: 1988Natur.334..325M. doi:10.1038/334325a0.
- ^ Venturini, S.; Solomon, P. M. (2003). “The Molecular Disk in the Cloverleaf Quasar”. The Astrophysical Journal 590 (2): 740-745. arXiv:astro-ph/0210529. Bibcode: 2003ApJ...590..740V. doi:10.1086/375050. http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0004-637X/590/2/740/56989.html.
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1548+115
- ^ IN: Quasars, Proceedings of the IAU Symposium, Bangalore, India, Dec. 2-6, 1985 (A87-31226 12-90). Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1986, p. 517-526; Discussion, p. 527. ;
Gravitational lenses - Observations, 1986IAUS..119..517B
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1146+111
- ^ Sky & Telescope The First Triple Quasar January 10, 2007
- ^ Sky & Telescope Binary Quasar Is No Illusion
- ^ SpaceDaily, "Extremely rare triple quasar found", 14 March 2013 (accessed 14 March 2013)
- ^ a b Adrian Webster, "The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1982 May, v.199, pp.683-705, Bibcode: 1982MNRAS.199..683W
- ^ a b R.G. Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; ISBN 1-58381-065-X ; Bibcode: 2001ASPC..232..108C
- ^ a b Clowes, Roger G.; Harris, Kathryn A.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Campusano, Luis E.; Soechting, Ilona K.; Graham, Matthew J.; "A structure in the early universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology"; arXiv:1211.6256 ; Bibcode: 2012arXiv1211.6256C ; doi:10.1093/mnras/sts497 ; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013
- ^ a b ScienceDaily, "Biggest Structure in Universe: Large Quasar Group Is 4 Billion Light Years Across", Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013 (accessed 13 January 2013)
- ^ a b IN: Superluminal radio sources; Proceedings of the Workshop, Pasadena, CA, Oct. 28-30, 1986 ; Superluminal motion in the quasar 3C279 ; 00/1987
- ^ a b Proceedings of the 6th European VLBI Network Symposium, The Beginnings of VLBI at the 100-m Radio Telescope (PDF, 100 KB) , June 25th-28th 2002, Bonn, Germany
- ^ a b c d e arXiv, A Class File for AIP The parameter section (PDF) , September 4, 2006
- ^ New Scientist, Quasar jets and cosmic engines: Some galaxies spew out vast amounts of material into space at velocities close to that of light. Astronomers still don't know why, 16 March 1991
- ^ The superluminal radio source in the gamma-ray blazar 3C 279
- ^ Nature 294, 47 - 49 (05 November 1981); Superluminal quasar 3C179 with double radio lobes ; doi:10.1038/294047a0
- ^ a b Daily Intelligencer, The
Friday, May 29, 1981 ; [1]
- ^ New York Times, IF NOTHING IS FASTER THAN LIGHT, WHAT'S GOING ON?, December 27, 1983
- ^ a b c d e The Structure of the Physical Universe, Volume III - The Universe of Motion,
CHAPTER 23 - Quasar Redshifts, by DEWEY B. LARSON, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 79-88078, ISBN 0-913138-11-8 , Copyright c 1959, 1971, 1984
- ^ a b Quasars and Pulsars, DEWEY B. LARSON, (c) 1971 ; CHAPTER VIII - Quasars: The General Picture ; LOC 75-158894
- ^ a b Time Magazine, The Quasi-Quasars, Friday, Jun. 18, 1965
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : BSO 1, QSO B1246+377 -- Quasar
- ^ Time Magazine, X Rays from a Quasar, Friday, Jul. 14, 1967
- ^ Discovery News, "Primordial 'Dust Free' Monsters Lurk at the Edge of the Universe", Ian O'Neill, 18 March 2010 (accessed 6 April 2010)
- ^ DNA India, "Astronomers discover most primitive supermassive black holes known", ANI, 19 March 2010 (accessed 6 April 2010)
- ^ Times of India, "Most primitive supermassive black holes known 'discovered'", 19 March 2010 (accessed 6 April 2010)
- ^ Nature, "Dust-free quasars in the early Universe", Linhua Jiang, Xiaohui Fan, W. N. Brandt, Chris L. Carilli, Eiichi Egami1, Dean C. Hines, Jaron D. Kurk, Gordon T. Richards, Yue Shen, Michael A. Strauss, Marianne Vestergaard, Fabian Walter, 18 March 2010, vol.464, pp.380-383, doi:10.1038/nature08877 (accessed 6 April 2010)
- ^ Scientific Computing, "Fast-growing Primitive Black Holes found in Distant Quasars " (accessed 4 April 2010)
- ^ SIMBAD, "QSO J0303-0019" (accessed 4 April 2010)
- ^ SIMBAD, "QSO J0005-0006" (accessed 4 April 2010)
- ^ “An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5”. ネイチャー (2017年12月6日). 2017年12月14日閲覧。
- ^ “測史上最も遠い超大質量ブラックホールを発見”. アストロアーツ (2017年12月11日). 2017年12月14日閲覧。 “NASA”
- ^ a b Radio astronomers detect 'baby quasar' near the edge of the visible Universe, 13:50 EST, June 06, 2008
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO J1427+3312, QSO J1427+3312 -- Quasar
- ^ a b c d Interview ; Maaarten Schmidt (PDF, 556 KB) ; April 11 and May 2 & 15, 1996
- ^ a b c d Astrophysical Journal, vol. 139, p.781 ;
Redshift of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147. 1964ApJ...139..781S
- ^ a b c d e The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999, Volume 111, Issue 760, pp. 661-678 ; A BRIEF HISTORY OF AGN, 3. THE DISCOVERY OF QUASARS
- ^ a b c Scientific American, "Brilliant, but Distant: Most Far-Flung Known Quasar Offers Glimpse into Early Universe", John Matson, 29 June 2011
- ^ a b Discovery.com Black Hole Is Most Distant Ever Found June 7, 2007
- ^ a b c d e Willott et al.; Delorme, Philippe; Omont, Alain; Bergeron, Jacqueline; Delfosse, Xavier; Forveille, Thierry; Albert, Loic; Reyle, CeLine et al. (2007). “Four Quasars above Redshift 6 Discovered by the Canada-France High-z Quasar Survey”. The Astronomical Journal 134 (6): 2435-2450. arXiv:0706.0914. Bibcode: 2007AJ....134.2435W. doi:10.1086/522962. http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1538-3881/134/6/2435/205935.html.
- ^ a b CFHQS UOttawa, Canada-France High-z Quasar Survey, accessed June 2008
- ^ a b c d CFH UHawaii, Astronomers find most distant black hole
- ^ a b arXiv, High-excitation CO in a quasar host galaxy at z= 6.42 (PDF) , July 2003
- ^ a b arXiv, 350 Micron Dust Emission from High Redshift Quasars (PDF) , March 2006
- ^ a b arXiv, Origin of supermassive black holes (PDF, 511 KB) , Sept 2007
- ^ a b c THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL, 126:1-14, 2003 July ; PROBING THE IONIZATION STATE OF THE UNIVERSE AT z > 6
- ^ a b c d e f g h arXiv, Millimeter and Radio Observations of z~6 Quasars (PDF) , 16 Apr 2007
- ^ a b arXiv, VLT observations of the z= 6.28 quasar SDSS 1030+0524 (PDF) , Feb 2002
- ^ a b The Astrophysical Journal, 578:702-707, 2002 October 20, A Constraint on the Gravitational Lensing Magnification and Age of the Redshift z = 6.28 Quasar SDSS 1030+0524
- ^ a b The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 611, Issue 1, pp. L13-L16 ; The X-Ray Spectrum of the z=6.30 QSO SDSS J1030+0524 ; 2004ApJ...611L..13F
- ^ a b The Astronomical Journal, Volume 122, Issue 6, pp. 2833-2849. A Survey of z>5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z~6 December 2001
- ^ a b c d PennState Eberly College of Science, Discovery Announced of Two Most Distant Objects, June 2001
- ^ a b c d SDSS, Early results from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: From under our nose to the edge of the universe, June 2001
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B1425+3326, QSO J1427+3312 -- Quasar
- ^ SDSS, DR3 Quasar Catalog Paper (PDF) , 30 Mar 2005
- ^ a b c d e f UW-Madison Astronomy, Confirmed High Redshift (z > 5.5) Galaxies - (Last Updated 10th February 2005)
- ^ Nature 443, 186-188 (14 September 2006), A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96, doi:10.1038/nature05104;
- ^ BBC News, Astronomers claim galaxy record, Wednesday, 11 July 2007, 17:10 GMT 18:10 UK
- ^ New Scientist, New record for Universe's most distant object, 17:19 14 March 2002
- ^ BBC News, Far away stars light early cosmos, Thursday, 14 March 2002, 11:38 GMT
- ^ BBC News, Most distant galaxy detected, Tuesday, 25 March 2003, 14:28 GMT
- ^ The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 568:L75-L79, 2002 April 1 ; A Redshift z = 6.56 Galaxy behind the Cluster Abell 370 ; doi:10.1086/340424
- ^ arXiv, The Discovery of Two Lyman$\alpha$ Emitters Beyond Redshift 6 in the Subaru Deep Field, 28 Feb 2003
- ^ a b c d e PennState - Eberly College of Science - Science Journal - Summer 2000 -- Vol. 17, No. 1 International Team of Astronomers Finds Most Distant Object
- ^ a b The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 522:L9-L12, 1999 September 1, An Extremely Luminous Galaxy at z = 5.74
- ^ PennState Eberly College of Science, X-rays from the Most Distant Quasar Captured with the XMM-Newton Satellite, Dec 2000
- ^ SPACE.com, Most Distant Object in Universe Comes Closer, 01 December 2000
- ^ NOAO Newsletter - NOAO Highlights - March 2000 - Number 61, The Most Distant Quasar Known
- ^ The Astrophysical Journal, 568:71-81, 2002 March 20, Chandra Detection of a Type II Quasar at z = 3.2881
- ^ a b Stern, D., Spinrad, H., Eisenhardt, P., Bunker, A. J., Dawson, S., Stanford, S. A., & Elston, R. (2000). “Discovery of a Color-Selected Quasar at z=5.501”. The Astrophysical Journal (IOP Publishing) 533 (2): L75. https://hdl.handle.net/2014/13906.
- ^ SDSS 98-3 Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar Dec 1998
- ^ POSTSCRIPT The Astronomical Journal, in press (July 1999), HIGH-REDSHIFT QUASARS FOUND IN SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY COMMISSIONING DATA
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3, QSO J0338+0021 -- Quasar
- ^ New York Times, Finding Distant Quasars, December 15, 1998
- ^ New York Times, Peering Back in Time, Astronomers Glimpse Galaxies Aborning, October 20, 1998
- ^ The Astronomical Journal, vol. 108, no. 4, p. 1147-1155, Multicolor detection of high-redshift quasars, 2: Five objects with Z greater than or approximately equal to 4, April 1994
- ^ New Scientist, issue 1842, 10 October 1992, page 17, Science: Infant galaxy's light show
- ^ FermiLab Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar December 8, 1998
- ^ a b Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices, vol. 294, p. L7-L12 ;
Discovery of radio-loud quasars with Z = 4.72 and Z = 4.01 ; Code: 1998MNRAS.294L...7H
- ^ a b c d e Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256), vol. 101, Jan. 1991, p. 5-17; Quasars and galaxy formation. I - The Z > 4 objects
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 1158+4635, QSO B1158+4635 -- Quasar
- ^ LENNOX L. COWIE (1991) Young Galaxies
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 647 (1), 31-41 doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb32157.x
- ^ a b New York Times, Peering to Edge of Time, Scientists Are Astonished, November 20, 1989
- ^ a b c Nature 330, 453 - 455 (03 December 1987); Quasars of redshift z = 4.43 and z = 4.07 in the South Galactic Pole field, doi:10.1038/330453a0
- ^ Astrophysics, Volume 29, Number 2 / September, 1988, pp.657-671, Absorption spectra of quasars, ISSN 0571-7256, doi:10.1007/BF01005972
- ^ New York Times, Objects Detected in Universe May Be the Most Distant Ever Sighted, January 14, 1988
- ^ New York Times, Astronomers Peer Deeper Into Cosmos, May 10, 1988
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0000-26, QSO B0000-26 -- Quasar
- ^ a b c d Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 321, Oct. 1, 1987, p. L7-L10. Research supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Astrophys. J., 321, L7-L10 (1987) - 01.01.86 01.01.86 October 1987 ; [2] PC 0910+5625 : an optically selected quasar with a redshift of 4.04 ; 1987ApJ...321L...7S
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 0910+5625, QSO B0910+5625 -- Quasar
- ^ Nature, 325, 131-132 (1987) - 01.01.86 01.01.86 ; First observation of a quasar with a redshift of 4; 1987Natur.325..131W
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0046-293, QSO J0048-2903 -- Quasar
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1208+1011, QSO B1208+1011 -- Quasar
- ^ NewScientist, Quasar doubles help to fix the Hubble constant, 16 November 1991
- ^ Orwell Astronomical Society (Ipswich) - OASI ; Archived Astronomy News Items, 1972 - 1997
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : PKS 2000-330, QSO J2003-3251 -- Quasar
- ^ a b OSU Big Ear, History of the OSU Radio Observatory
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : OQ172, QSO B1442+101 -- Quasar
- ^ a b c QUASARS - THREE YEARS LATER, 1974 [3]
- ^ Time Magazine, The Edge of Night, Monday, Apr. 23, 1973
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : OH471, QSO B0642+449 -- Quasar
- ^ Reports on Progress in Physics, Volume 53, Issue 8 (August 1990)The detection of high-redshift quasars
- ^ Astrophysical Journal, vol. 163, p.235 ; Some Inferences from Spectrophotometry of Quasi-Stellar Sources ; 1971ApJ...163..235B
- ^ a b c Nature 226, 532 (09 May 1970); The Unusually Large Redshift of 4C 05.34 ; doi:10.1038/226532a0
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : 5C 02.56, 7C 105517.75+495540.95 -- Quasar
- ^ a b c d e "Astrophysics and Space Science" 1999, 269/270, 165-181 ; GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT -
8. Z > 5 GALAXIES ; Garth Illingworth
- ^ a b Astrophysical Journal, vol. 154, p.L41 ; The Distribution of Redshifts in Quasi-Stellar Objects, N-Systems and Some Radio and Compact Galaxies ; 1968ApJ...154L..41B
- ^ Time Magazine, A Farther-Out Quasar, Friday, Apr. 07, 1967
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B0237-2321, QSO B0237-2321 -- Quasar
- ^ a b c d Astrophysical Journal, vol. 147, p.851 ; On the Wavelengths of the Absorption Lines in Quasi-Stellar Objects ; 1967ApJ...147..851B
- ^ a b Time Magazine, The Man on the Mountain, Friday, Mar. 11, 1966
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1116+12, 4C 12.39 -- Quasar
- ^ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0106+01, 4C 01.02 -- Quasar
- ^ The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology Page 379 by Malcolm S. Longair - 2006
- ^ Astrophysical Journal, vol. 141, p.1295 ;
Large Redshifts of Five Quasi-Stellar Sources ; 1965ApJ...141.1295S
- ^ The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars, 1965
- ^ Quasi-Stellar Sources and Gravitational Collapse, Proceedings of the 1st Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics. Edited by Ivor Robinson, Alfred Schild and E.L. Schucking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965., p.269 ; Redshifts of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147
- ^ Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256), vol. 103, no. 5, May 1992, p. 1451-1456 ; Radio properties of optically selected high-redshift quasars. I - VLA observations of 22 quasars at 6 CM ; 1992AJ....103.1451S
- ^ Time Magazine, Finding the Fastest Galaxy: 76,000 Miles per Second, Friday, Apr. 10, 1964
- ^ Nature 197, 1041 - 1042, (16 March 1963); Red-Shift of the Unusual Radio Source: 3C 48, doi:10.1038/1971041a0
- ^ a b The Observatory, Vol. 81, p. 113-118 (1961) ; 1961 May 12 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society ; 1961Obs....81..113.
- ^ a b Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 12, p.458 ; No redshift in 3C 295 ; 1979BAAS...11..458V
- ^ THE ORIGIN OF MATTER PART 4
- ^ arXiv, A Near-Solar Metallicity, Nitrogen-Deficient Lyman Limit Absorber Associated with two S0 Galaxies (PDF, 1.43 MB) , 21 Jan 2005
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