グロスターポイントの戦い(グロスターポイントのたたかい、英: Battle of Gloucester Point)は、南北戦争開戦直後の1861年5月7日に、バージニア州のグロスターポイントで起きた北軍砲艦と南軍砲台の砲撃戦である。サウスカロライナ州チャールストン港のサムター砦で南北戦争が始まったとき、すなわち1861年4月14日から3週間後のことであり、少なくともバージニア州では最初の交戦となった。南軍はヨーク川の北岸グロスターポイントの砲台にバージニア州の部隊が守備についていたものであり、このときバージニア州は正式にアメリカ連合国に加盟していなかったので、公式の南軍ではなかった。対する北軍は海軍の砲艦USSヤンキー1隻だった。この戦争初期に北軍海軍と南軍の陸上砲台が交戦した戦闘が幾つかあったが、これは北軍による海上封鎖、特にチェサピーク湾に対する封鎖行動の一部として起こった。またバージニア州の川を北軍が軍用にも商業用にも利用する可能性を、南軍が否定したという意味もあった。
1861年5月初旬、アメリカ海軍(北軍)は既に、反乱側のバージニア州軍がヨーク川岸のグロスターポイントで砦を建設していることを知っていた。5月7日[7]、北軍の艦隊司令官ガーレット・J・ペンダーグラストが、海軍大佐トマス・O・セルフリッジ・ジュニアに、報告のあった砦を調査するよう命じた[5]。同日、USSヤンキーを指揮するセルフリッジ大尉は、その排水量328トン蒸気機関推進タグボートを転換した大砲2門装備の砲艦ヤンキーでヨーク川を遡り、グロスターポイントの砦について情報を探る目的で偵察を行った[8][9]。ヤンキーが砲台から2,000ヤード (1,800 m) 以内に接近すると、砲台から砲艦の船首を超える砲弾を発射した。ヤンキーは緩りと前進を続けた。砲台から続けてもう1発の砲弾が砲艦に向けて放たれた[6]。
^ abcdeGordon, E. Clifford. The Battle of Big Bethel. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1883. Contributions to a History of the Richmond Howitzer Battalion, Pamphlet No. 3, Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1884. Diary of T. Roberts Baker, of the Second Howitzer Company of Richmond, VA. OCLC83619463. p. 6
^One source gives the date of this engagement as May 8, 1861. Wyllie, Arthur. The Union Navy. Gardners Books 2007. p. 657. ISBN 978-1-4303-2117-0. Retrieved April 24, 2011. Other generally reliable sources give the date as May 9, 1861. Parker, William Harwar. The Confederate States Navy, Volume XII of ‘’Confederate Military History’’, edited by Clement Anselm Evans, Atlanta: Confederate Publishing Company, 1899, OCLC29140494, p. 470, retrieved April 22, 2011; Hannings, Bud. Every Day of the Civil War: A Chronological Encyclopedia p. 40. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2010. ISBN 978-0-7864-4464-9. Retrieved April 24, 2011; Long, E. B. and Barbara Long. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. OCLC68283123. p. 72. A few early sources give even later dates in May for this engagement. It is clear, however, that the engagement took place on May 7, 1861. Baker, p. 5; Nesser, p. 74; Scharf, p. 107; Fredriksen, John C. Civil War Almanac. New York: Facts on File, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8160-6459-5. p 29; Rush, Lt. Commander Richard and Robert H. Woods. Naval War Records Office, United States. Navy Dept. Official records of the Union and Confederate navies in the war of the rebellion Report of Lt. Thomas O. Selfridge, Jr. to Flag Officer G. J. Pendergrast, May 7, 1861. Washington, DC.: Government Printing Office, 1896. Series 1, Volume 4. OCLC278162008. Retrieved April 22, 2011. p. 381; Scott, Robert N.; U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Series 1, Volume 2. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1880. OCLC278162008. p. 821. Retrieved April 22, 2011. The May 9, 1861 date of Flag Officer Pendergrast’s report or the wording of one or more of the reports of the engagement may have misled some authors to conclude that the date of the engagement was May 9.
^T. Roberts Baker stated that the Yankee spotted the boat that brought the detachment from the Richmond Howitzers to Gloucester Point and was pursuing that boat as it approached the location of the battery. Baker, 1884, p. 5
^ abcRush, Lt. Commander Richard and Robert H. Woods. Naval War Records Office, United States. Navy Dept. Official records of the Union and Confederate navies in the war of the rebellion Report of Lt. Thomas O. Selfridge, Jr. to Flag Officer G. J. Pendergrast, May 7, 1861. Washington, DC.: Government Printing Office, 1896. Series 1, Volume 4. OCLC278162008. Retrieved April 22, 2011. p. 381
^The battery's action had been criticized as a waste of ammunition. This may have made the officers reluctant to acknowledge responsibility for the action.
^More generally, Clifford Gordon, a member of the battalion, said: "The Howitzers had the honor of firing in Virginia the first cannon shot at the invaders." Gordon, E. Clifford. The Battle of Big Bethel. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1883. Contributions to a History of the Richmond Howitzer Battalion, Pamphlet No. 1. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1883. OCLC83619463. p. 16
^Gordon, E. Clifford. The Battle of Big Bethel. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1883. Contributions to a History of the Richmond Howitzer Battalion, Pamphlet No. 4. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1886. Extracts from an old order book, First Howitzers of Richmond, VA. OCLC83619463. p. 35
Gordon, E. Clifford. The Battle of Big Bethel. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1883. Contributions to a History of the Richmond Howitzer Battalion, Pamphlet No. 1. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1883.Contributions to a History of the Richmond Howitzer Battalion, Pamphlet No. 3. Diary of T. Roberts Baker, of the Second Howitzer Company of Richmond, VA. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1884. Contributions to a History of the Richmond Howitzer Battalion, Pamphlet No. 4. Richmond, VA: Carlton McCarthy and Co., 1886. Extracts from an old order book, First Howitzers of Richmond, VA. OCLC83619463.
Parker, William Harwar. The Confederate States Navy, Volume XII of ‘’Confederate Military History’’, edited by Clement Anselm Evans, Atlanta: Confederate Publishing Company, 1899, OCLC29140494, retrieved April 22, 2011.
Rush, Lt. Commander Richard and Robert H. Woods. Naval War Records Office, United States. Navy Dept. Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion Report of Lt. Thomas O. Selfridge, Jr. to Flag Officer G. J. Pendergrast, May 7, 1861. Washington, DC.: Government Printing Office, 1896. Series 1, Volume 4. OCLC278162008. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
Salmon, John S. The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. ISBN 0-8117-2868-4.