사용자:책읽는달팽/번역장1

책읽는달팽토론번역1번역2유저박스

키예프 브랜드는 소련과 우크라이나에서 만든 사진 장비들을 포함하는 브랜드로, 여기엔 현 키이우 아스날 공장에서 만든 카메라도 포함된다. 이들 카메라엔 로마자로 KIEV" 라 적어놓거나 혹은, 키릴문자를 이용한 러시아어 "КИЕВ" 로 적어놓거나 혹은 우크라이나어로 "КИЇВ"라고 적어놓았다.^[1]

2차 세계대전 이후 칼자이스의 드레스덴 공장을 접수한 소련은 드레스덴에서 상당수 시험용 카메라를 제작하여 성공하자 자재와 도구, 그리고 일부는 서독에서 실종된 기술자들을 드레스덴에서 현 키이우 아스날 공장에 옮겨 복제품을 제작하기 시작했다. 처음 키예프 II와 III는 Contax II의 부품이 들어갔으며, 몇몇 키예프 카메라의 앞면을 살펴보면 키예프 뒤에 콘탁스가 찍힌걸 볼수 있었다. 1950년대 초에 모든 부품을 우크라이나에서 생산하기 시작했다.^[2]

처음 일련번호(처음 두자리는 생산연도, 나머지는 실제 일련번호)와 연구결과에 따르면 연간 약 5천대 미만으로 생산한것으로 추산된다.^[2]

이런 키예프 카메라는 칼 자이스가 개발한 콘탁스 레인지파인더 마운트를 유지하여 두 브랜드간에 렌즈를 호환할수 있었으며, 혹자는 Contax/Kiev Mount 라고도 부른다. 또한 생산 댓수에서도 키예프 카메라는 전쟁 전 드레스덴이나 혹은 전쟁후 예나나 슈트르가르트에서 생산된 콘탁스들보다 더 많은 양이 생산되었다.

Kive TTL 은 개발 예정이던 키예프 레인지파인더 카메라 시리즈였으며, 실제 대량 생산까지 가지 못했다. TTL은 기존과 비슷했지만 더 밝고 1:1 뷰파인더를 가지고 있었다. 또한 TTL(Through-The-Lens)을 지원하기 위해 렌즈 뒤에 2개의 셀레늄 셀을 두어 노출때 없어지게 하였다. 이 미터의 바늘은 카메라 위에서도, 그리고 뷰파인더에서도 볼수 있게 하였었다.

위에 통합된 셀레늄 노출계를 장착한 현대화 버전이 있었다. 기존과 다르게 뷰파인더가 컸으며, 몇몇 버전의 경우 시차 보정도 있었다.^[3] 뷰파인더는 35mm 화각과 50mm 화각을 지원하였었다.^[3] 몇몇 모델의 경우 85mm 화각도 존재하였다. 또한 이전 칼 자이스 기반과 달리 긴 레인지파인더 거리를 두지 않았다. 모든 Kiev 5s는 셀레늄 노출계였으며, 셔터 감는 노브를 변경하여 좀 더 사용자 편의성을 두었다.

또한, 이전 키예프 레인지파인더와 유사한 렌즈 마운트를 두었으나, 50mm가 사용하는 안쪽 마운트를 제거하였으며, 이로 인해 당시 생산되던 많은 50mm 기반들(주피터-8(M), 주피터-3, 나중에 추가되는 헬리오스-103)과 호환성을 잃어버렸다. 이 카메라엔 주피터-8NB 렌즈와 더불어 나중에 헬리오스-94 렌즈가 추가되었다.

Kiev 5는 많은 개선을 하였으나, 훨씬 비싼 값에 팔렸기에 역사의 뒤안길로 사라졌다. 총 생산은 8천대에서 5만대로,^[3] 이 카메라를 희귀하게 만들었다.

몇몇 키예프 레인지파인더 렌즈들은 소련의 다른 M39 마운트를 사용하는 조르키나 FED와 비슷했지만, 몇몇 예외가 존재한다.

Orion-15는 Contax/Kiev 마운트에서 매우 드물다. M39에선 레인지파인더 렌즈가 존재하지만, 여기서는 레인지파인더에 연동되어 있지 않는다.

또한 주피터-8에 대한 여럿 Contax/Kiev 마운트가 존재한다. M의 경우 가변조리개에서 구슬을 넣어 멈춤을 조절할수 있었고, NB는 외부 마운트에서만 사용할수 있었으며, Kiev 5에서만 사용되었다.

Helios-94는 Kiev 5에서만 사용되었으며, 이 렌즈에 대한 온라인에서의 정보는 없지만 외부 마운트로 재어서 기존 키예프 레인지파인더 카메라와 호환이 되지 않는다.

Helios-103은 유일하게 Contax/Kiev 에서 사용되었다. 내부 마운트로 Kiev-4(A)M에서 쓰였다. 기존 주피터의 자이스 조나를 넘어 비오타 설계로 인해 리뷰에서 높은 해상도와 속도를 보여준다.

Arsenal also made a range of 35 mm SLR cameras. They are not as well known as Zenit cameras, but they are still desirable for some of the innovative features they offer.

The unique Kiev Automat SLRs used their own unique lens mount; only a handful of lenses were available in that format. All these cameras use an unusual fan-shaped shutter. They are collector's items that were not exported.

Kiev 10 was one of the most innovative cameras produced in the Soviet Union. It was one of the first cameras that offered automatic exposure. It also featured its own lens mount, shared with its successors. The camera had a light meter, but it was a selenium one. Its accuracy declines with age.^[2]

A development of Kiev 10. Only small quantities of this camera were produced. The main difference was that the light meter was moved from the top to the side. Apparently, this was due to shiny chrome lenses reflecting the sunlight, rendering the center-positioned light meter on Kiev 10 inaccurate.

This camera had two names during its lifespan, but these models were identical. The main difference in this model it was added TTL (Through The Lens) metering. Those meters are accurate even nowadays.

The Kiev F line, available since around 1980, constituted some of the most westernized 35mm SLRs available in the days of the Soviet Union. To satisfy the large internal demand, there was no discernible export at the time they would have found a ready market in the West. Instead, the Zenit with an external selenium meter was sold in large numbers. It was Soviet policy to export domestic surplus rather than the more desirable items of their manufacture.

Kiev 17 was the first in the F line of Kiev SLRs. It was a fully manual camera. It did not even have a light meter. It is said to be a really unreliable camera.

A rare prototype camera. There's very little known about it.

A much better rated successor to Kiev 17. It offers stop-down TTL metering with helper LEDs in the viewfinder. It has a top shutter speed of 1/500s.

• 
  Kiev 19
• 
  Kiev 19 with Helios 81M and UV filter
• 
  Kiev 19 back
• 
  Kiev 19 open back
• 
  Kiev 19 top
• 
  Kiev 19 case

This camera model adds the aperture coupling and the self-timer to Kiev 19 design. It also reads the 1/1000s top shutter speed.

The body type is changed to molded polycarbonate, making it only Kiev SLR not made from metal. Despite its model number, it succeeds the Kiev 20. It has the same 1/500s top shutter speed as the 19, though. This is by far the most produced version of Kiev F SLRs. This model was produced long after Soviet Union fell and was also exported to other countries.

Kiev produced some 35mm compact cameras as well.

Kiev 35 was the prototype camera of the series. It was presented at Photokina in 1984 with the Industar-99 lens.

 이 부분의 본문은 Kiev 35A입니다.

Kiev 35A is an actual production version of Kiev 35. It is a compact 35mm camera, with a front cover that folds down to reveal the lens. It is an exact copy of Minox 35, the only difference being that Kiev 35 is around 2mm wider. It offers electronically controlled shutter with aperture priority mode. Shutter speeds range from 4s to 1/500s. It has hot shoe flash synchronization. The film speed settings range from 22 to 700 GOST (15-30 DIN). The lens on this camera is MC Korsar 35mm f/2.8.

This is a modernized version of Kiev 35A. Besides the cosmetic changes, shutter speeds have been reduced to range from 2s to 1/500s. It also added a self-timer.

Kiev medium format cameras can generally be divided into two families.

The Kiev brand of medium format cameras started forming, when the Arsenal factory decided to try copying the Hasselblad 1600F around 1956–57. These cameras used a screw-type lens mount similar to the original Hasselblad mount, however, there are mixed reports on compatibility between the two. Most film backs are not compatible between Kievs and Hasselblads due to different gear mechanisms. However, Kiev viewfinders are compatible with the Hasselblad 1600F and 1000F, and even current Hasselblad V-system models.

The Salyut, like Hasselblad 1600F, was a medium format SLR with a modular design - it offered interchangeable lenses, viewfinders and film backs. Because of it being so similar to the original Hasselblad, it is sometimes jokingly called Hasselbladski. The shutter was horizontal running focal plane shutter, offering speeds from 1/2s to 1/500s + B. A rare version included a 1/1000s shutter speed. The lens it had equipped out of the box was Tessar optical formula derivate Industar-29 with semi-automatic diaphragm. The rough production numbers of this camera were around 50,000 units.^[4]

The camera was often exported with changed name. The cameras named Zenith 80, Revue 6x6, Revue 80 and Vitoflex all refer to this same camera and have the same features.

This camera upgraded the original Salyut with extended shutter speed range - now it offered speeds from 1/2s to 1/1000s + B. It also introduced the fully automatic diaphragm. It was equipped with a new lens, Vega-12. It can be found under multiple names as well. It can be found under names Soyuz, Zenith 80 (just like the original Salyut) and Kiev 80. The only difference between the latter and Salyut S is that some Kiev 80s came equipped with a different lens - Volna-3.

The Kiev 88 and Kiev 88 TTL were the same cameras as the Salyut S, but with added hot shoe for flash synchronization. Those cameras were equipped with Volna-3 lenses out of the box. The difference between those two models was that Kiev 88 TTL had a TTL metering prism, where Kiev 88 had a non-metering prism. Since those cameras had interchangeable viewfinders and prisms, the real difference was only what accessories were present in the box when you bought the camera, but the cameras were the same.

The camera is perhaps the biggest upgrade since Salyut, because it replaced the original screw-type lens mount with the Pentacon Six lens mount, expanding the options for lenses.

This camera is extremely rare (around 2000 units made^[2]). It shoots 6x4.5 negatives, in contrast to previous Kievs using 6x6 formats. It offers aperture-priority automatic, semi-automatic and manual modes of shooting. It offers interchangeable lenses, focusing screens, viewfinders and film magazines. It uses the Pentacon Six lens mount and has Volna-3 lens out of the box. The shutter speeds range from 4s to 1/1000s + B.

The other family of Kiev medium format cameras are based on Pentacon Six and probably inspired by Zenit 70.^[2] Those cameras look like enlarged 35mm SLRs. They use the same breech-lock lens mount as Pentacon Six, allowing them to use all the lenses made for that system, including, but not limited to, lenses made by Meyer Optik Görlitz, Carl Zeiss Jena, Schneider Kreuznach (for the Exakta 66), Kilfitt and others in addition to lenses made by Arsenal Factory. These cameras have a simpler frame-advancement mechanism than the Pentacon Six but it is often poorly adjusted at the factory resulting in incorrect frame spacing.^[5] This problem can be fixed.^[6]

This is a 6x6 SLR which can use both 120 and 220 film. Shutter release button is located on the left of the camera. It has interchangeable viewfinders. It uses a horizontally running focal plane shutter with speeds ranging from 1/2s to 1/1000s + B. By default it was delivered with Vega-12 lens. There are export versions which instead of КИЕВ on the nameplate say KIEV, the lens as well changes from Вега to Vega. It came with either a waist-level finder which lets the user compose the photo while looking into the camera, but comes with the disadvantage of the image being reversed left-to-right or the option of a non-metered pentaprism finder.

Almost the same camera as the original Kiev 6S, but had a different front plate - the Kiev logo is now written in chrome on black background. It offered a CdS TTL metering prism out of the box.

The current Kiev 60 has a more conventional right-handed shutter release, but does not take 220 film. Otherwise, it is a mechanically similar camera as the Kiev 6S but it is the only Pentacon Six based model that can be modified with mirror lock up. Compared to the 6S, using a flash is also much easier because on the left side of the camera there are threads to which you screw in a cold shoe adapter and that makes it so you do not have to handhold a flash as with the 6S.

The low price of the Kiev medium format cameras has attracted many amateur photographers wishing to enter the medium format camera market on a budget. Some have reported that the prices of a Kiev Hasselblad-type camera setup with other Russian or Ukrainian components, such as lenses, viewfinders and film magazines, can be just a fraction of the price of a similar Hasselblad setup.

On the other hand, prices of Pentacon Six cameras are comparable to prices of its Ukrainian counterparts. One of the reasons for the lasting demand for these cameras is the price of the lenses that can be used on them. Despite the cheap price (compared to Pentacon Six mount lenses from other manufacturers) the Kiev lenses are optically excellent, with many of the lenses being based on Carl Zeiss Jena designs.

Historically, the Arsenal plant is reported to have generally poor quality control and some buyers have reported receiving cameras with small cosmetic or functional defects. Many of the less favorable reviews come from people comparing the camera directly to the more expensive Hasselblad models. The quality control seems to have fluctuated throughout different years of production though, and thus varies from camera to camera. It is important to note that Hasselblad-like Kiev cameras are based on camera designs even Hasselblad gave up on. Having poor quality control only made things worse.

For this reason, a number of third party distributors have appeared offering Kiev cameras in improved, quality controlled forms. However, some have taken advantage of the Arsenal plant's variable quality to add value through varying levels of third-party rebuilding, modification, and testing of the Arsenal-supplied cameras.

The cameras, however, still have a number of quirks that no simple servicing will remove. The most notable quirk is that the shutter speed on some of the original Hasselblad-like Kiev cameras should only be changed after cocking the shutter (spring-loading the shutter mechanism and advancing the film). Changing the shutter speed on an un-cocked camera will damage the timing mechanism.^[7] This is not a problem with the Pentacon Six-based Kiev and Kiev 88CM variants. There are also mixed reports that the shutter speed dial should be turned only clockwise, never counter-clockwise. This is certainly known to be an issue with some cameras modified by Hartblei to add a mirror lock-up (MLU) feature. Other cameras may or may not have this problem, so special care is advised.

The vendors that sell Kiev cameras outside of the former Soviet Union often make their own modifications to the cheap and basic cameras coming from the factory.

Mirror lock-up is a feature that can be added to these cameras. This removes the small amount of motion blur that can be caused by the mirror hitting the top of the mirror box just before the shutter opens, however, other sources of motion-blur still remain. This is most useful when the subject is greatly magnified (when using long or telephoto lens) or with macro photography. Some of these cameras have a really strong mirror slap, creating motion blur even when not shooting handheld, so MLU is a really useful feature if you tend to use the slower shutter speeds. Another option is the addition of a mirror rebound spring, it pushes on the mirror at the end of its travel, lessening its impact and completely preventing it from rebounding and striking again.

The Pentacon Six-based Kievs are sometimes modified to shoot with a 6x4.5 frame size, often called Kiev 645 or similar, yielding more pictures per roll of film in a "print-friendly" rectangular format versus the original camera's square 6x6 format. But since the film feeds sideways, the 6x4.5 variant produces photos in the portrait aspect, as opposed to the landscape aspect seen in most other cameras. On the other hand, the Hasselblad-based Kievs can shoot the 6x4.5 frame size by simply using a different film back. The 6x4.5 film back is interchangeable with 6x6 backs on others, for example instant film backs, while the Pentacon Six-based Kiev frame size modifications are permanent.

The original Pentacon Six lens mount on the Kiev 88CM accepts all the lenses from Arsenal, but has trouble accepting some other lenses, for example Carl Zeiss Jena Sonnars for Pentacon Six. It is, however, possible to overcome this issue by third party modifications that allow Kiev 88CM to accept all the lenses made for Pentacon Six lens mount. Kievs cameras utilizing Hasselblad-like screw mount can be modified to Pentacon Six lens mount, which is more desirable because of the greater amount on lenses available. Since the register distance of the new mount is shorter than the original one, the mount is located inside the camera body and allows to use all existing screw-mount lenses with an adapter - this is desirable, if we already own screw-mount lenses but want to modify the lens mount to extend the lens options. In that case, we don't have to buy all the same lenses with a different mount.

Lenses for Kiev medium format cameras come in two different lens mounts - mount B and mount V (be careful, in Cyrillic В actually represents V with Б being B as we know it). Mount B represents the Pentacon Six mount lenses and V represents Salyut screw-mount. Most of the lenses were made in both mounts, but some are exclusive to just one of them - refer to the table above.

In the 1990s, the lenses were all renamed to Arsat, making harder to distinguish them from one another, but optically, they are one of the lenses listed above. When the lenses were renamed, mount designations were changed. Pentacon Six mount lenses were renamed to Arsat C where screw-mount lenses kept the letter B.

Among the best regarded is the Zodiak-8 fisheye lens. This lens is reputedly quite good mechanically and excellent optically, which is stunning since one would have to spend many thousands of dollars to get a non-Ukrainian equivalent lens of this type.^[8]

Shift and Tilt-Shift lenses made by third-parties, based on the 45mm and 65mm optics are also available. These lenses allow photographers to take advantage of the Scheimpflug principle for achieving greater apparent depth of field without adjusting the aperture, and gain other controls similar to those found on view cameras.

Even if it isn't widely publicized, the Kiev 6S did go to space in a modified variant called the "KIEV-C SKD", according to some information around 33 sets were produced. This camera was used on the Zond 6 and Zond 7 spacecrafts, the Zond 6 crash landed but Zond 7 managed to take photos of the earth and moon.^[9] The camera was much wider and heavier than the regular variant and had a motorized film wind mechanism, it also came with a remote shutter release. Shutter speeds remained the same and the 3 lenses made for it were based on regular models and greatly modified for use in space with different coatings and specifications. the 90/2.8 Vega 12B turned into the Vega 12-C which came in a f/2.8 and f/4 variant that uses 11 aperture blades instead of the regular 6, it also has special yellow coatings but what their purpose is remains undocumented. The Tair-33 turned into the Tair-33-S and remained 5.6/300, according to some information, there was also a version for "unmanned shooting" - the lens did not have a focusing ring. The 65/3.5 Mir-3 also saw a space variant called the Mir-3-S, but not much is known about it.^[10]

• 
  The Kiev-S with its three lenses
• 
  Top down view
• 
  The remote shutter release
• 
  Open back showing the wiring
• 
  Vega 12-C 90/4
• 
  a picture of the Earth from Zond 7

• Current product line of Arsenal factory (Russian)