헝가리의 인구

인구학적 동향

유엔에 따르면 2019년 기준 헝가리의 인구는 970만 명이다. 헝가리의 인구는 1950년 933만 명에서 1980년 1071만 명으로 정점을 찍고^[1], 그 이후에는 인구가 감소해 2010년에 이르러서는 1000만 명을 밑돌았으며^[2], 현재까지도 인구감소가 진행중에 있다. 아래 표은 1950-2015년 헝가리의 인구를 나타낸 것이며, 유엔 통계를 기준으로 작성된 것이기 때문에 기관마다 차이가 있을 수 있다.

연도별 헝가리의 인구^[3]
1950	1970	1990	2000	2005	2010	2015
933.8만 명	↗1036.6만 명	↘1037.7만 명	↘1022.1만 명	↘1008.6만 명	↘992.7만 명	↘977.8만 명

헝가리는 다른 동구권 국가들처럼 인구가 감소하고 있지만, 감소가 시작된 시점(1981년)은 비교적 이른 편이지만, 인구 감소폭은 비교적 적은 편이다. 연평균 인구 성장률은 1950-1955년 1.0%에서 2010-2015년 -0.3%, 2015-2020년 -0.2%로 낮아졌으며^[4], 연평균 합계출산율도 1950-1955년 2.69명에서 2000-2005년 1.29명으로 낮아졌지만, 2015-2020년 1.49명으로 소폭 상승했다.^[5]

2019년 유엔 인구 통계

총인구: 970만 명

15세 미만 인구: 14.4%

15~24세 인구: 10.6%

25~64세 인구: 55.3%

65세 이상 인구: 19.7%

노인 부양 가능 인구(65세 이상 노인 1명당 25~64세 노동 인구): 2.8명

인구 성장률: -0.2%

조출생률(인구 1000명당): 9.5명

합계출산율: 1.51명

조사망률(인구 1000명당): 12.6명

영아사망률(1살 미만 1000명당): 4명

유아사망률(5세 미만 1000명당): 4명

출생시 기대수명: 76.9세

인구의 역사

연도별 인구
연도	인구	±%
1784^[7]	2,681,595	—
1870	5,011,310	+86.9%
1880	5,329,191	+6.3%
1890	6,009,351	+12.8%
1900	6,854,415	+14.1%
1910	7,612,114	+11.1%
1920	7,986,875	+4.9%
1930	8,685,109	+8.7%
1941	9,316,074	+7.3%
1949	9,204,799	−1.2%
1960	9,961,044	+8.2%
1970	10,300,996	+3.4%
1980	10,709,463	+4.0%
1990	10,374,823	−3.1%
2001	10,200,298	−1.7%
2011	9,937,628	−2.6%
2021	9,730,000	−2.1%
참조: 현재 헝가리의 영토를 기준으로 나타낸 것임^[6]

날짜	예측 인구	크로아티아 왕국 시절 헝가리인의 비중
(기원후) 900	250,000-350,000^[8] 500,000-600,000^[8] 600,000^[9] 1,000,000-1,500,000^[10]	66%^[9]^[11]
1000	1,000,000-1,500,000^[12]
1060	500,000-550,000^[8]
1100	2,000,000^[10]
1181	2,600,000^[10]
1200	1,000,000-1,100,000^[8]
1222	2,000,000^[13]	70–80%^[14]^[15]
1242	1,020,000-1,220,000^[8] 1,200,000^[15]
1300	1,400,000-1,600,000^[8] 2,000,000^[16] 3,000,000^[10]
1348	5,000,000^[17] 3,000,000^[18]^[19]
1370	경 2,000,000	60–70%^[15] (크로아티아 포함)
1400	3,000,000-3,500,000^[20] 3,000,000^[17]
1490	5,000,000^[21]^[22] 4,500,000-5,000,000^[18]^[23] 4,000,000-4,500,000^[20] 4,000,000^[16]^[24]^[25]^[26] 3,500,000-4,000,000^[12] 3,400,000^[27]	90%^[28] 80-85%^[29] 80%^[15]^[30]^[31]^[32] 77%^[24] 75-80%^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37] 60-70% (크로아티아 포함)^[38]
1600	4,000,000-4,500,000^[39] 3,500,000^[40]
1699	4,000,000^[39]^[40]^[41] 3,500,000-4,000,000^[36] 3,500,000^[42]	50–55%^[15]^[38] 50%^[36]^[41]
1711	4,000,000^[43] 2,500,000^[22]	53%^[15] 45%^[29]
1720	4,000,000-4,500,000^[44] 4,000,000^[8]^[26]^[45] 3,500,000^[25]^[37] 2,600,000-4,000,000^[46]	55%^[37] 45%^[24] 44%^[47] 40%^[28] 35%^[14]
1785-87	8,000,000
1790	9,000,000^[25]^[26]^[48] 8,500,000^[22] 8,100,000-8,200,000^[46]	40%^[14]^[49]^[50] 39%^[8] 35%^[51]
1828	11,495,536
1830		37% (44 퍼센트가 헝가리 중심부에 거주)^[52]
1837		44%^[53] 37% (크로아티아-슬라보니아 왕국)^[53]
1846	12,033,399	40–45% 41.6%^[54] 36.5-40% (크로아티아 왕국)^[54]
1850	11,600,000	41.4%^[55]
1857	13,830,870	44.5%^[8]
1869	13,508,000	45.2%^[56]
1880	13,749,603	46%
1900	16,838,255	51.4%^[57]
1910	18,264,533	54.5%^[57] 48.1% (크로아티아 왕국)^[58]

인구 통계

1850-1900 합계출산율

출처: Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation.^[59]

연도	1850	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859	1860^[59]
합계출산율	5.18	5.15	5.12	5.09	5.06	5.03	5	4.97	4.94	4.91	4.88

연도	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870^[59]
합계출산율	4.85	5.11	5.41	5.03	5.11	5.02	4.64	5.09	5.12	5.14

연도	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880^[59]
합계출산율	5.23	4.96	5.18	5.23	5.55	5.61	5.29	5.23	5.58	5.23

연도	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890^[59]
합계출산율	5.28	5.4	5.5	5.59	5.48	5.57	5.41	5.36	5.35	4.93

연도	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899	1900^[59]
합계출산율	5.2	4.96	5.25	5.08	5.48	5.11	4.97	4.95	4.62	4.79

1900-현재 출생 및 사망 통계

^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]^[64]

출처: 헝가리 중앙 통계청^[65]

	인구	출생아 수	사망자 수	자연 증감	조출생률 (1000명당)	조사망률(1000명당)	자연 증감률 (1000명당)	합계출산율^[66]^[67]
1900	6,854,000	268,019	177,363	90,656	39.4	27.0	12.4	5.28
1901		260,439	166,662	93,777	37.6	25.0	12.6	5.22
1902		270,385	179,260	91,125	38.6	26.9	11.7	5.16
1903		258,209	179,518	78,691	36.5	26.1	10.4	5.10
1904		260,446	172,704	87,742	37.0	24.8	12.2	5.04
1905		252,501	203,516	48,985	35.5	27.8	7.7	4.98
1906		258,296	176,938	81,358	36.1	24.9	11.2	4.91
1907		261,231	180,216	81,015	36.2	25.6	10.6	4.85
1908		268,637	177,872	90,765	36.7	25.0	11.7	4.79
1909		271,177	184,445	86,732	37.1	25.4	11.7	4.73
1910	7,612,000	265,457	168,875	96,582	35.4	23.4	12.0	4.67
1911		261,375	184,009	77,366	34.8	24.8	10.0	4.59
1912		270,804	172,148	98,656	36.0	23.0	13.0	4.50
1913		264,418	174,241	90,177	34.3	23.2	11.1	4.42
1914		270,690	176,574	94,116	34.5	23.4	11.1	4.34
1915		187,734	189,418	-1,684	23.7	25.3	-1.6	4.26
1916		135,443	159,810	-24,367	16.8	20.9	-4.1	4.17
1917		130,817	163,507	-32,690	16.0	20.7	-4.7	4.09
1918		127,894	207,395	-79,501	15.3	25.7	-10.4	4.01
1919	7,860,000	217,431	157,392	60,039	27.6	20.0	7.6	3.93
1920	7,940,000	249,458	169,717	79,741	31.4	21.4	10.0	3.84
1921	8,020,000	255,453	170,059	85,394	31.8	21.2	10.6	3.81
1922	8,080,000	249,279	173,351	75,928	30.8	21.4	9.4	3.60
1923	8,170,000	238,971	159,287	79,684	29.2	19.5	9.7	3.39
1924	8,220,000	221,462	167,668	53,794	26.9	20.4	6.5	3.18
1925	8,300,000	235,480	142,150	93,330	28.3	17.1	11.2	3.36
1926	8,370,000	229,484	139,905	89,579	27.4	16.7	10.7	3.24
1927	8,490,000	218,548	150,675	67,873	25.8	17.8	8.0	3.05
1928	8,510,000	224,693	146,496	78,197	26.4	17.2	9.2	3.08
1929	8,580,000	215,463	152,847	62,976	25.1	17.8	7.3	2.92
1930	8,660,000	219,784	134,341	85,443	25.4	15.5	9.9	2.84
1931	8,730,000	206,925	144,968	61,957	23.7	16.6	7.1	2.84
1932	8,783,000	205,529	157,106	48,423	23.4	17.9	5.5	2.78
1933	8,845,000	193,911	129,913	63,998	21.9	14.7	7.3	2.72
1934	8,915,000	194,279	129,049	65,230	21.8	14.5	7.3	2.57
1935	8,980,000	189,479	136,923	52,556	21.1	15.2	5.9	2.55
1936	9,040,000	183,369	128,333	55,036	20.3	14.2	6.1	2.48
1937	9,100,000	182,449	128,049	54,400	20.0	14.1	6.0	2.42
1938	9,159,000	182,206	130,628	51,578	19.9	14.3	5.6	2.46
1939	9,217,000	178,633	124,591	54,042	19.4	13.5	5.9	2.50
1940	9,280,000	185,562	132,735	52,827	20.0	14.3	5.7	2.48
1941	9,340,000	177,047	123,349	53,698	19.0	13.2	5.7	2.52
1942	9,392,000	187,187	136,844	50,343	19.9	14.6	5.4	2.55
1943	9,440,000	173,295	127,158	46,137	18.4	13.5	4.9	2.55
1944	9,250,000	190,000	144,048	45,952	20.5	15.6	5.0	2.61
1945	9,055,000	169,091	211,323	-42,232	18.7	23.3	-4.7	2.64
1946	9,042,000	169,120	135,486	33,634	18.7	15.0	3.7	2.67
1947	9,093,000	187,316	117,537	69,779	20.6	12.9	7.7	2.70
1948	9,158,000	191,907	105,780	86,127	21.0	11.6	9.4	2.73
1949	9,249,000	190,398	105,718	84,680	20.6	11.4	9.2	2.76
1950	9,338,000	195,567	106,902	88,665	20.9	11.4	9.5	2.77
1951	9,423,000	190,645	109,998	80,647	20.2	11.7	8.6	2.76
1952	9,504,000	185,820	107,443	78,377	19.6	11.3	8.2	2.72
1953	9,595,000	206,926	112,039	94,887	21.6	11.7	9.9	2.67
1954	9,706,000	223,347	106,670	116,677	23.0	11.0	12.0	2.61
1955	9,825,000	210,430	97,848	112,582	21.4	10.0	11.5	2.53
1956	9,911,000	192,810	104,236	88,574	19.5	10.5	8.9	2.44
1957	9,840,000	167,202	103,645	63,557	17.0	10.5	6.5	2.34
1958	9,882,000	158,428	97,866	60,562	16.0	9.9	6.1	2.23
1959	9,937,000	151,194	103,880	47,314	15.2	10.5	4.8	2.12
1960	9,983,512	146,461	101,525	44,936	14.7	10.2	4.5	2.02
1961	10,027,958	140,365	96,410	43,955	14.0	9.6	4.4	1.94
1962	10,060,825	130,053	108,273	21,780	12.9	10.8	2.2	1.79
1963	10,087,947	132,335	99,871	32,464	13.1	9.9	3.2	1.82
1964	10,119,835	132,141	100,830	31,311	13.1	10.0	3.1	1.81
1965	10,147,935	133,009	108,119	24,890	13.1	10.7	2.5	1.82
1966	10,178,653	138,489	101,943	36,546	13.6	10.0	3.6	1.89
1967	10,216,604	148,886	109,530	39,356	14.6	10.7	3.9	2.01
1968	10,255,815	154,419	115,354	39,065	15.1	11.2	3.8	2.06
1969	10,298,723	154,318	116,659	37,659	15.0	11.3	3.7	2.03
1970	10,337,910	151,819	120,197	31,622	14.7	11.6	3.1	1.98
1971	10,367,537	150,640	123,009	27,631	14.5	11.9	2.7	1.93
1972	10,398,489	153,265	118,991	34,274	14.7	11.4	3.3	1.92
1973	10,432,055	156,224	123,366	32,858	15.0	11.8	3.1	1.93
1974	10,478,720	186,288	125,816	60,472	17.8	12.0	5.8	2.27
1975	10,540,525	194,240	131,102	63,138	18.4	12.4	6.0	2.34
1976	10,598,677	185,405	132,240	53,165	17.5	12.5	5.0	2.23
1977	10,648,031	177,574	132,031	45,543	16.7	12.4	4.3	2.15
1978	10,684,822	168,160	140,121	28,039	15.7	13.1	2.6	2.06
1979	10,704,152	160,364	136,829	23,535	15.0	12.8	2.2	2.00
1980	10,711,122	148,673	145,355	3,318	13.9	13.6	0.3	1.91
1981	10,711,848	142,890	144,757	-1,867	13.3	13.5	-0.2	1.87
1982	10,705,535	133,559	144,318	-10,759	12.5	13.5	-1.0	1.79
1983	10,689,463	127,258	148,643	-21,385	11.9	13.9	-2.0	1.74
1984	10,668,095	125,359	146,709	-21,350	11.8	13.8	-2.0	1.75
1985	10,648,713	130,200	147,614	-17,414	12.2	13.9	-1.6	1.85
1986	10,630,564	128,204	147,089	-18,885	12.1	13.8	-1.8	1.84
1987	10,612,741	125,840	142,601	-16,761	11.9	13.4	-1.6	1.82
1988	10,596,487	124,296	140,042	-15,746	11.7	13.2	-1.5	1.81
1989	10,481,719	123,304	144,695	-21,391	11.8	13.8	-2.0	1.80
1990	10,373,988	125,679	145,660	-19,981	12.1	14.0	-1.9	1.87
1991	10,373,400	127,207	144,813	-17,606	12.3	14.0	-1.7	1.88
1992	10,369,341	121,724	148,781	-27,057	11.7	14.3	-2.6	1.78
1993	10,357,523	117,033	150,244	-33,211	11.3	14.5	-3.2	1.69
1994	10,343,355	115,598	146,889	-31,291	11.2	14.2	-3.0	1.64
1995	10,328,965	112,054	145,431	-33,377	10.8	14.1	-3.2	1.57
1996	10,311,238	105,272	143,130	-37,858	10.2	13.9	-3.7	1.46
1997	10,290,486	100,350	139,434	-39,084	9.8	13.5	-3.8	1.38
1998	10,266,570	97,301	140,870	-43,569	9.5	13.7	-4.2	1.32
1999	10,237,530	94,645	143,210	-48,565	9.2	14.0	-4.7	1.28
2000	10,210,971	97,597	135,601	-38,004	9.6	13.3	-3.7	1.32
2001	10,187,576	97,047	132,183	-35,136	9.5	13.0	-3.4	1.31
2002	10,158,608	96,804	132,833	-36,029	9.5	13.1	-3.5	1.30
2003	10,129,552	94,647	135,823	-41,176	9.3	13.4	-4.1	1.27
2004	10,107,146	95,137	132,492	-37,355	9.4	13.1	-3.7	1.27
2005	10,087,065	97,496	135,732	-38,236	9.7	13.5	-3.8	1.30
2006	10,071,370	99,871	131,603	-31,732	9.9	13.1	-3.2	1.34
2007	10,055,780	97,613	132,938	-35,325	9.7	13.2	-3.5	1.31
2008	10,038,188	99,149	130,027	-30,878	9.9	13.0	-3.1	1.35
2009	10,022,650	96,442	130,414	-33,972	9.6	13.0	-3.4	1.32
2010	10,000,023	90,335	130,456	-40,121	9.0	13.0	-4.0	1.25
2011	9,971,727	88,049	128,795	-40,746	8.8	12.9	-4.1	1.23
2012	9,920,362	90,269	129,440	-39,171	9.1	13.0	-3.9	1.34
2013	9,893,082	88,689	126,778	-38,089	9.0	12.8	-3.9	1.34
2014	9,866,468	91,510	126,308	-34,798	9.3	12.8	-3.5	1.41
2015	9,843,028	91,690	131,697	-40,007	9.3	13.4	-4.1	1.44
2016	9,814,023	93,063	127,053	-33,990	9.5	12.9	-3.5	1.49
2017	9,787,966	91,577	131,674	-40,097	9.4	13.5	-4.1	1.49
2018	9,775,564	89,807	131,045	-41,238	9.2	13.4	-4.2	1.49
2019	9,771,141	89,193	129,603	-40,410	9.1	13.3	-4.1	1.49
2020	9,750,149	92,338	141,002	-48,664	9.5	14.5	-5.0	1.56

1950-현재 출생시 기대수명

기간	기대수명^[68]
1950–1955	64.01
1955–1960	66.91
1960–1965	68.79
1965–1970	69.45
1970–1975	69.41
1975–1980	69.59
1980–1985	69.08
1985–1990	69.42
1990–1995	69.41
1995–2000	70.88
2000–2005	72.54
2005–2010	73.74
2010–2015	75.26
2015–2020	76.65

같이 보기

헝가리의 역사

각주

↑ “STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1900–)”. 《portal.ksh.hu》. 2017년 9월 16일에 확인함.
↑ Gulyas, Veronika (2010년 10월 28일). “Hungarian Population Falls Below 10 Million”. 《The Wall Street Journal》.
↑ United Nations Population Division (2019년 6월 17일). “Total population, both sexes combined (thousands)”. 2021년 7월 22일에 확인함.
↑ United Nations Population Division (2019년 6월 17일). “Average annual rate of population change (percentage)”. 2021년 7월 22일에 확인함.
↑ United Nations Population Division (2019년 6월 17일). “Total fertility rate (live births per woman)”. 2021년 7월 22일에 확인함.
↑ Népesség a település jellege szerint, január 1. (1980–) KSH.hu
↑ Dezső Danyi-Zoltán Dávid: Az első magyarországi népszámlálás (1784–1787)/The first census in Hungary (1784–1787), Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1960, pp. 30
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 ^사 ^아 ^자 József Kovacsics, Population history of Hungary mirrored by the conference-series (896-1870) (Magyarország népességtörténete a konferenciasorozat tükrésben (896-1870)), In: Demographia, 1996 - VOLUME 39, NUMBER 2-3, p. 145-165
↑ ^가 ^나 《A Country Study: Hungary》. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 2009년 3월 6일에 확인함.
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 Péter Rabb, Natural conditions in the Carpathian Basin of the Middle Ages, 2007, p. 58
↑ Edgar C. Polomé, Essays on Germanic religion, Institute for the Study of Man, 1989, p. 150 [1]
↑ ^가 ^나 Marcell Sebők, The man of many devices, who wandered full many ways--: festschrift in honour of János M. Bak, Central European University Press, 1999, p. 658
↑ Nóra Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and "pagans" in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 63-72
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 978-963-352-002-4 CM
↑ ^가 ^나 Tore Nyberg, Lars Bisgaard, Medieval spirituality in Scandinavia and Europe: a collection of essays in honour of Tore Nyberg, Odense University Press, 2001, p. 170
↑ ^가 ^나 Josiah Cox Russell, Late ancient and medieval population, American Philosophical Society, 1958, p. 100
↑ ^가 ^나 György Enyedi, Hungary: an economic geography, Westview Press, 1976, p. 23
↑ Miklós Molnár, A concise history of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 42
↑ ^가 ^나 Elena Mannová, Blanka Brezováková, A concise history of Slovakia, Historický ústav SAV, 2000, p. 88
↑ Joseph Slabey Rouček, Contemporary Europe: a study of national, international, economic, and cultural trends. A symposium, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, p. 424
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 M. L. Bush, Servitude in modern times, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, p. 143
↑ Éva Molnár, Hungary: essential facts, figures & pictures, MTI Media Data Bank, 1995
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 Lauren S. Bahr, Bernard Johnston (M.A.), Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index, Volume 12, P.F. Collier, 1993, p. 381-383
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: history, culture, psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 201
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 Zoltán Halász, Hungary: a guide with a difference, Corvina Press, 1978, pp. 20-22
↑ Joseph Held, Hunyadi: legend and reality, East European Monographs, 1985, p. 59
↑ ^가 ^나 George Richard Potter, The New Cambridge modern history: The Renaissance, 1493–1520, CUP Archive, 1971, p. 405 [2]
↑ ^가 ^나 The New review, Volume 6, World Federation of Ukrainian Former Political Prisoners and Victims of the Soviet Regime, A. Pidhainy., 1966, p. 25 [3]
↑ Leslie Konnyu, Hungarians in the United States: an immigration study, American Hungarian Review, 1967, p. 4 [[iarchive:hungariansinunit00konn|]]
↑ László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 16 [4]
↑ Teppo Korhonen, Helena Ruotsala, Eeva Uusitalo, Making and breaking of borders: ethnological interpretations, presentations, representations, Finnish Literature Society, 2003, p.39 [5]
↑ Carlile Aylmer Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918, Macmillan, 1969, p. 79 [6]
↑ Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 258 [7]
↑ Domokos G. Kosáry, A history of Hungary, The Benjamin Franklin bibliophile society, 1941, p. 79 [8]
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 Michael Hochedlinger, Austria's wars of emergence: war, state and society in the Habsburg monarchy, 1683-1797, Pearson Education, 2003, p. 21
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 Stephen Denis Kertesz, Diplomacy in a whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Greenwood Press, 1974, p. 191
↑ ^가 ^나 The Ottomans and the Balkans: a discussion of historiography By Fikret Adanır, Suraiya Faroqhi p.333 [9]^{[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]}
↑ ^가 ^나 István György Tóth, Gábor Ágoston, Millenniumi magyar történet: Magyarország története a honfoglalástól napjainkig, Osiris, 2001, p. 321
↑ ^가 ^나 Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman warfare, 1500-1700, Rutgers University Press, 1999, p. 174
↑ ^가 ^나 Klára Papp – János Barta Jr., Minorities research 6. 보관됨 2011-12-29 - 웨이백 머신, Kisebbségkutatás (Minorities Studies and Reviews)
↑ Lonnie Johnson, Central Europe: enemies, neighbors, friends, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 100
↑ Eric H. Boehm, Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914, Volume 49, Issues 1-2, American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio, 1998, p. 331
↑ Imre Wellmann, A magyar mezőgazdaság a XVIII. században, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979, p. 13
↑ Rudolf Andorka, Determinants of fertility in advanced societies, Taylor & Francis, 1978, p. 93
↑ ^가 ^나 David I. Kertzer, Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, University of California Press, 1995, p. 130
↑ M. L. Bush, Rich noble, poor noble, Manchester University Press ND, 1988, p. 19 [10]
↑ Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 pp. 11-143.[11]
↑ “The Encyclopedia Americana”. Americana Corporation. 1968년 4월 6일 – Google Books 경유.
↑ Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 230 [12]
↑ Arthur J. Sabin, Red Scare in Court: New York Versus the International Workers Order, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 4 [13]
↑ Krej?í, O.; Styan, M.C.; vied, Ú. (2005). 《Geopolitics of the Central European Region: The View from Prague and Bratislava》. VEDA, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. 284쪽. ISBN 9788022408523. 2015년 5월 18일에 확인함.
↑ ^가 ^나 Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Taylor & Francis, 2007, page 259, ISBN 978-0-415-36627-4
↑ ^가 ^나 Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p.286 [14]
↑ A Concise History of Hungary, by Miklós Molnár page 179
↑ Andrew C. Janos. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945
↑ ^가 ^나 Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 356 [15]
↑ Carl Cavanagh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 306 [16]
↑ ^가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 Max Roser (2014), “Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries”, 《Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation》
↑ B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.
↑ United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1948
↑ “Vital statistics, Hungarian Central Statistical Office”. ksh.hu. 2015년 5월 18일에 확인함.
↑ “Vital events by county and region”.
↑ “Main indicators of population and vital events”.
↑ “Hungarian Central Statistical Office”.
↑ Max Roser (2014), “Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries”, 《Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation》
↑ “World Factbook EUROPE : HUNGARY”, 《The World Factbook》, 2018년 7월 12일
↑ “World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations”. 《esa.un.org》. 2018년 8월 26일에 확인함.

[1] “STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1900–)”. 《portal.ksh.hu》. 2017년 9월 16일에 확인함.

[2] Gulyas, Veronika (2010년 10월 28일). “Hungarian Population Falls Below 10 Million”. 《The Wall Street Journal》.

[3] United Nations Population Division (2019년 6월 17일). “Total population, both sexes combined (thousands)”. 2021년 7월 22일에 확인함.

[4] United Nations Population Division (2019년 6월 17일). “Average annual rate of population change (percentage)”. 2021년 7월 22일에 확인함.

[5] United Nations Population Division (2019년 6월 17일). “Total fertility rate (live births per woman)”. 2021년 7월 22일에 확인함.

[6] Népesség a település jellege szerint, január 1. (1980–) KSH.hu

[7] Dezső Danyi-Zoltán Dávid: Az első magyarországi népszámlálás (1784–1787)/The first census in Hungary (1784–1787), Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1960, pp. 30

[Kovacsics-8] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 ^사 ^아 ^자 József Kovacsics, Population history of Hungary mirrored by the conference-series (896-1870) (Magyarország népességtörténete a konferenciasorozat tükrésben (896-1870)), In: Demographia, 1996 - VOLUME 39, NUMBER 2-3, p. 145-165

[A_Country_Study:_Hungary-9] 가 ^나 《A Country Study: Hungary》. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 2009년 3월 6일에 확인함.

[Rabb-10] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 Péter Rabb, Natural conditions in the Carpathian Basin of the Middle Ages, 2007, p. 58

[books.google.co.uk-11] Edgar C. Polomé, Essays on Germanic religion, Institute for the Study of Man, 1989, p. 150 [1]

[Sebők-12] 가 ^나 Marcell Sebők, The man of many devices, who wandered full many ways--: festschrift in honour of János M. Bak, Central European University Press, 1999, p. 658

[Berend-13] Nóra Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and "pagans" in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 63-72

[Britannica2-14] 가 ^나 ^다 Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary

[carth-15] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 978-963-352-002-4 CM

[Nyberg-16] 가 ^나 Tore Nyberg, Lars Bisgaard, Medieval spirituality in Scandinavia and Europe: a collection of essays in honour of Tore Nyberg, Odense University Press, 2001, p. 170

[Russell-17] 가 ^나 Josiah Cox Russell, Late ancient and medieval population, American Philosophical Society, 1958, p. 100

[Enyedi-18] 가 ^나 György Enyedi, Hungary: an economic geography, Westview Press, 1976, p. 23

[19] Miklós Molnár, A concise history of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 42

[Mannová-20] 가 ^나 Elena Mannová, Blanka Brezováková, A concise history of Slovakia, Historický ústav SAV, 2000, p. 88

[21] Joseph Slabey Rouček, Contemporary Europe: a study of national, international, economic, and cultural trends. A symposium, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, p. 424

[Bush-22] 가 ^나 ^다 M. L. Bush, Servitude in modern times, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, p. 143

[23] Éva Molnár, Hungary: essential facts, figures & pictures, MTI Media Data Bank, 1995

[Bahr-24] 가 ^나 ^다 Lauren S. Bahr, Bernard Johnston (M.A.), Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index, Volume 12, P.F. Collier, 1993, p. 381-383

[Patai-25] 가 ^나 ^다 Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: history, culture, psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 201

[Halasz-26] 가 ^나 ^다 Zoltán Halász, Hungary: a guide with a difference, Corvina Press, 1978, pp. 20-22

[27] Joseph Held, Hunyadi: legend and reality, East European Monographs, 1985, p. 59

[Potter-28] 가 ^나 George Richard Potter, The New Cambridge modern history: The Renaissance, 1493–1520, CUP Archive, 1971, p. 405 [2]

[Ukrainian-29] 가 ^나 The New review, Volume 6, World Federation of Ukrainian Former Political Prisoners and Victims of the Soviet Regime, A. Pidhainy., 1966, p. 25 [3]

[30] Leslie Konnyu, Hungarians in the United States: an immigration study, American Hungarian Review, 1967, p. 4 [[iarchive:hungariansinunit00konn|]]

[31] László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 16 [4]

[32] Teppo Korhonen, Helena Ruotsala, Eeva Uusitalo, Making and breaking of borders: ethnological interpretations, presentations, representations, Finnish Literature Society, 2003, p.39 [5]

[33] Carlile Aylmer Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918, Macmillan, 1969, p. 79 [6]

[34] Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 258 [7]

[35] Domokos G. Kosáry, A history of Hungary, The Benjamin Franklin bibliophile society, 1941, p. 79 [8]

[Hochedlinger-36] 가 ^나 ^다 Michael Hochedlinger, Austria's wars of emergence: war, state and society in the Habsburg monarchy, 1683-1797, Pearson Education, 2003, p. 21

[Kertesz-37] 가 ^나 ^다 Stephen Denis Kertesz, Diplomacy in a whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Greenwood Press, 1974, p. 191

[Adanir-38] 가 ^나 The Ottomans and the Balkans: a discussion of historiography By Fikret Adanır, Suraiya Faroqhi p.333 [9]^{[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]}

[Tóth-39] 가 ^나 István György Tóth, Gábor Ágoston, Millenniumi magyar történet: Magyarország története a honfoglalástól napjainkig, Osiris, 2001, p. 321

[Murphey-40] 가 ^나 Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman warfare, 1500-1700, Rutgers University Press, 1999, p. 174

[Papp-Barta-41] 가 ^나 Klára Papp – János Barta Jr., Minorities research 6. 보관됨 2011-12-29 - 웨이백 머신, Kisebbségkutatás (Minorities Studies and Reviews)

[42] Lonnie Johnson, Central Europe: enemies, neighbors, friends, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 100

[43] Eric H. Boehm, Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914, Volume 49, Issues 1-2, American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio, 1998, p. 331

[44] Imre Wellmann, A magyar mezőgazdaság a XVIII. században, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979, p. 13

[45] Rudolf Andorka, Determinants of fertility in advanced societies, Taylor & Francis, 1978, p. 93

[Kertzer-46] 가 ^나 David I. Kertzer, Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, University of California Press, 1995, p. 130

[47] M. L. Bush, Rich noble, poor noble, Manchester University Press ND, 1988, p. 19 [10]

[Sugar-48] Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 pp. 11-143.[11]

[49] “The Encyclopedia Americana”. Americana Corporation. 1968년 4월 6일 – Google Books 경유.

[50] Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 230 [12]

[51] Arthur J. Sabin, Red Scare in Court: New York Versus the International Workers Order, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 4 [13]

[google2-52] Krej?í, O.; Styan, M.C.; vied, Ú. (2005). 《Geopolitics of the Central European Region: The View from Prague and Bratislava》. VEDA, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. 284쪽. ISBN 9788022408523. 2015년 5월 18일에 확인함.

[Bideleux-53] 가 ^나 Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Taylor & Francis, 2007, page 259, ISBN 978-0-415-36627-4

[Lendvai-54] 가 ^나 Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p.286 [14]

[55] A Concise History of Hungary, by Miklós Molnár page 179

[56] Andrew C. Janos. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945

[Frucht-57] 가 ^나 Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 356 [15]

[58] Carl Cavanagh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 306 [16]

[ourworldindata.org-59] 가 ^나 ^다 ^라 ^마 ^바 Max Roser (2014), “Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries”, 《Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation》

[60] B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.

[61] United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1948

[ksh-62] “Vital statistics, Hungarian Central Statistical Office”. ksh.hu. 2015년 5월 18일에 확인함.

[63] “Vital events by county and region”.

[64] “Main indicators of population and vital events”.

[65] “Hungarian Central Statistical Office”.

[ourworldindata.org2-66] Max Roser (2014), “Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries”, 《Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation》

[cia.gov2-67] “World Factbook EUROPE : HUNGARY”, 《The World Factbook》, 2018년 7월 12일

[68] “World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations”. 《esa.un.org》. 2018년 8월 26일에 확인함.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[7]

[6]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]