ക്രറ്റോ ഫോർമേഷൻ

ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിലാസം

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crato_Formation

Crato Formation Stratigraphic range: Latest Aptian ~115–113 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Santana Group
Sub-units	Nova Olinda Member
Underlies	Romualdo & Ipubi Formations
Overlies	Barbalha Formation
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone, limestone
Other	Siltstone
Location
Coordinates	7°06′S 39°42′W / 7.1°S 39.7°W / -7.1; -39.7
Approximate paleocoordinates	8°36′S 8°00′W / 8.6°S 8.0°W / -8.6; -8.0
Region	Ceará, Pernambuco
Country	ബ്രസീൽ
Extent	Araripe Basin
Type section
Named for	Crato, Ceará
Extent of the Santana Group, to which the Crato Formation belongs, in blue

തുടക്ക ക്രിറ്റേഷ്യസ് കാലഘട്ടത്തിൽ ബ്രസീലിലെ അരാരിപ്പ ബേസിനിൽ രൂപംകൊണ്ട ഭൗമ പാളികളാണ് ക്രറ്റോ ഫോർമേഷൻ (Crato Formation). ഇത് പാലിയെന്റോളജി വിദക്തർക്കു വളരെ ഉപകാരപ്രദമായ ഒരു ജീവാശ്മ ശേഖരമാണ്. 113 മില്യൺ വർഷങ്ങൾക്കു മുൻപാണ് ഇതിന്റെ അടുക്കുകൾ രൂപപ്പെട്ടതെന്നു കരുതുന്നു.

1823-ൽ ആണ് ആദ്യമായി മൽസ്യങ്ങളുടെ ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ ഇവിടെനിന്നും ലഭിക്കുന്നത്. 1993-ൽ ആണ് ശാസ്ത്രീയമായ പഠനങ്ങൾ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിക്കപ്പെട്ടത്. ചുണ്ണാമ്പുകല്ലിൽ നന്നായി പരിപാലിക്കപ്പെട്ട ടെറാസോറസ്, പലയിനം പ്രാണികൾ, മൽസ്യങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയുടെ ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ അവിടെനിന്നും ലഭിച്ചു. തുമ്പികളുടെ ലാർവകൾ, ഇമാഗോ എന്നിവ ഉൾപ്പെടെ 384 ജീവാശ്മങ്ങൾ ഇതുവരെ ലഭിച്ചു. ഹെമിപ്റ്റെറ, ഓർത്തപ്റ്റെറ, സസ്യങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയുടെ ജീവാശ്മങ്ങളും ധാരാളമായി ഇവിടെ കണ്ടെത്തി.

Insects of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images
Araripenymphes[1]	A. seldoni	Nova Olinda Member	A Nymphid lacewing
Gracilepteryx	G. pulchra		A Eolepidopterigidae moth
Makarkinia[2]	M. adamsi M. kerneri		A Kalligrammatid lacewing
Mickoleitia	M. longimanus		A Coxoplectopteran insect
Netoxena	N. nana		A Eolepidopterigidae moth
Principiala[3]	P. incerta		An Ithonidae lacewing, type species of Principiala
Psamateia	P. calipsa		A Eolepidopterigidae moth
Rafaelia	R. maxima		Neuropterida incertae sedis
Undopterix	U. cariensis		An Eolepidopterigidae moth

Fish of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images	Notes
Araripelepidotes	Araripelepidotes temnurus				[4]
Belonostomus	Belonostomus sp.				[5]
Calamopleurus	Calamopleurus cylindricus				[6]
Cladocyclus	Cladocyclus gardneri		An Ichthyodectidae fish		[7]
Cratoamia	Cratoamia gondwanica				[8]
Dastilbe	Dastilbe crandalli				[9]
Lepidotes	Lepidotes wenzae				[10]
Placidichthys	Placidichthys bidorsalis				[11]
Santanichthys	Santanichthys diasii				[12]

Squamatans of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images
Calanguban	C. alamoi		A non-iguana lizard
Tetrapodophis	T. amplectus		A stem group snake with limbs

Dinosaurs and birds of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Notes	Images
?Avialae	?Avialan species		Numerous isolated feathers
Cratoavis	C. cearensis		Enantiornithine
?Spinosauroidea	?Spinosaur species		Isolated tooth

Crocodylomorphs of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images
Susisuchus	Susisuchus anatoceps[14]
	cf. Susisuchus sp.[15]		Undescribed species

Pterosaurs of the Crato Formation
Genus	Species	Presence	Description	Images
Arthurdactylus	A. conandoylei
Aymberedactylus	A. cearensis		A basal member of the Tapejarinae.
Brasileodactylus	B. sp.
Lacusovagus	L. magnificens	Nova Olinda Member
Ludodactylus	L. sibbicki		An ornithocheirid
Tupandactylus	T. imperator T. navigans
?Tupuxuara	?T. sp.

• Aparecida dos Reis Polck, Márcia; Marise Sardenberg Salgado de Carvalho; Raphael Miguel, and Valéria Gallo. 2015. Guia de identificação de peixes fósseis das Formações Crato e Santana da Bacia do Araripe, 1-74. Serviço Geológico do Brasil (CPRM).
• Assine, Mario L. 1992. Análise estratigráfica da Bacia do Araripe, Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Geociências 22. 289–300. Accessed 2018-10-05.
• Báez, A.M.; G.J.B. Moura, and R.O. Gómez. 2009. Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians. Cretaceous Research 30. 829–846. Accessed 2018-10-06.
• Bechly, G., and V. N. Makarkin. 2016. A new gigantic lacewing species (Insecta: Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil confirms the occurrence of Kalligrammatidae in the Americas. Cretaceous Research 58. 135–140. Accessed 2018-10-06.
• Fabin, Carlos E.; Osvaldo J. Correia Filho; Márcio L. Alencar; José A. Barbosa; Tiago S. de Miranda; Virgínio H. Neumann; Igor F. Gomes, and Felipe R. de Santana. 2018. Stratigraphic Relations of the Ipubi Formation: Siliciclastic-Evaporitic Succession of the Araripe Basin. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 90. 2049–2071. Accessed 2018-10-05.
• Figueiredo, R.G., and A.W.A. Kellner. 2009. A new crocodylomorph specimen from the Araripe Basin (Crato Member, Santana Formation), northeastern Brazil. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 83. 323–331. Accessed 2018-10-06.
• Jorge de Lima, Flaviana; Antonio Álamo Feitosa Saraiva, and Juliana Manso Sayão. 2012. Revisão da paleoflora das Formações Missão Velha, Crato e Romualdo, Bacia do Araripe, nordeste do Brasil. Estudos Geológicos 22. 99–115.
• Leite da Silva, Agnelo, and Virginio Enrique Neumann. 2003. Formação Crato da Bacia do Araripe: um reservatório análogo ao Calcário Trairí (Formação Paracuru), Bacia do Ceará, 1–6. 2o Congresso Brasileiro de P&D em Petróleo & Gás. Accessed 2018-10-06.
• Makarkin, V.N., and F. Menon. 2007. First record of fossil 'rapismatid-like' Ithonidae (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil. Cretaceous Research 28. 743–753. Accessed 2018-10-06.
• Martill, David M.; Günter Bechly, and Robert F. Loveridge. 2007. The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World, 236. Cambridge University Press. Accessed 2018-10-06. ISBN 978-1-139-46776-6
• Pinheiro, Allysson P.; Antônio Á.F. Saraiva, and William Santana. 2014. Shrimps from the Santana Group (Cretaceous: Albian): new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata) and new record (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências _. 1–8. Accessed 2018-10-06.
• Salisbury, S.W.; E. Frey; D.M. Martill, and M.C. Buchy. 2003. A new crocodilian from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of north-eastern Brazil. Palaeontographica. Abteilung A, Palaozoologie - Stratigraphie 270. 3–47. Accessed 2018-10-06.
• Scherer, C.M.d.S.; E.F. Jardim de Sá; V.C. Córdoba; D.d.C. Sousa; M.M. Aquino, and F.M.C. Cardoso. 2013. Tectono-Stratigraphic evolution of the upper Jurassic-Neocomian rift succession, Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil. Journal of South American Geosciences _. 1–43. Accessed 2018-10-05.
• Weishampel, David B. et al. 2004. Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, South America) in: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 563–570. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24209-2
• Bétard, François; Jean-Pierre Peulvast; Alexsandra de Oliveira Magalhães; Maria de Lourdes Carvalho Neta, and Francisco Idalecio de Freitas. 2017. Araripe Basin: A Major Geodiversity Hotspot in Brazil. Geoheritage _. 1–18. Accessed 2018-10-06.
• Neumann, V.H.; A.G. Borrego; L. Cabrera, and R. Dino. 2003. Organic matter composition and distribution through the Aptian–Albian lacustrine sequences of the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. International Journal of Coal Geology 54. 21–40. Accessed 2018-10-05.