Sobibór extermination camp memorial, pyramid of sand mixed with human ashes Location of Sobibór (right of centre) on the map of German extermination camps marked with black and white skulls. Poland's borders before the Second World War
രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധ കാലഘട്ടത്തിൽ നിയന്ത്രിത സെക്കന്റ് പോളീഷ് റിപ്പബ്ലിക്കിലെ ജനറൽ ഗവൺമെന്റിന്റെ സെമി കൊളോണിയൽ പൊതു ഭരണകൂടത്തിനകത്ത്, സോബിബൂർ റെയിൽവേ സ്റ്റേഷന് സമീപം എസ്.എസ് നിർമ്മിച്ചതും നടത്തിയിരുന്നതുമായ ഒരു നാസി ജർമ്മൻ ഉന്മൂലന ക്യാമ്പായായിരുന്നു സോബിബോർ എക്സ്റ്റർമിനേഷൻ ക്യാമ്പ് (അല്ലെങ്കിൽ സോബീബോർ / sɔːbibɔːr /പോളിഷ്: [sɔbʲibur]) (Sobibór extermination camp) [2] / soʊbiː - /; [3]ജർമ്മൻ അധിനിവേശ പോളണ്ടിലെ ഹോളോകാസ്റ്റിന്റെ ഏറ്റവും നിർണായക ഘടകം, രഹസ്യ ഓപ്പറേഷൻ റെയ്ൻഹാർഡ് എന്നതിന്റെ ഭാഗമായിരുന്നു ക്യാമ്പ്. പ്രവിശ്യ തലസ്ഥാനമായ ബ്രസ്റ്റ്-ഓൺ-ദി-ബഗ് (പോളീഷിൽ ബ്രസെസ്ക് നഡ് ബുഗീം) യിൽ നിന്ന് 85 കിലോമീറ്റർ തെക്ക് ഗ്രാമത്തിനടുത്തുള്ള വലോദാവയ്ക്ക് (ജർമ്മൻകാർ വെൽസെയ്ക്ക് എന്നും വിളിച്ചിരുന്നു) ഈ ക്യാമ്പ് സ്ഥിതിചെയ്യുന്നു. ഇതിന്റെ ഔദ്യോഗിക ജർമ്മൻ പേര് എസ്.എസ്. സോണ്ടർകോമണ്ടൊ സോബീബൊർ ആയിരുന്നു.[4]
ആജ്ഞയുടെ ശൃംഖല
Name
Rank
Function and Notes
Citation
Organisers of the camp (Germans and one former Austrian)
Ivan Demjanjuk[11] (alleged; conviction pending appeal not upheld by German criminal court)
Emil Kostenko
M. Matwiejenko
W. Podienko
Fiodor Tichonowski
Timeline of Sobibór, March 1942 – October 1943
March 1942
Under the supervision of Richard Thomalla, SS and police authorities construct Sobibór extermination camp in the spring of 1942 in an isolated area not far from the local Chelm-Wlodawa rail line.
April 1942
The first test subjects for the gas chambers at Sobibór: The SS deports 2,400 Jews from Rejowiec, Lublin Voivodeship in early April 1942, the first deportation to Sobibór, and murders almost all of them upon arrival.
28 April 1942
Franz Stangl arrives in Sobibór to take up the position of camp commandant. Stangl had been the deputy supervisor of the "euthanasia" institution at Hartheim, near Linz, Austria. As the purpose of the "euthanasia" operation was to murder institutionalised persons with physical and mental disabilities in gas chambers at facilities like Hartheim, Stangl was familiar with using carbon monoxide gas for killing large numbers of people.
3 May 1942
Regular transports to Sobibór begin. The first transport consists of 200 Jews from Zamość. The camp staff conducts gassing operations in three gas chambers located in one brick building. Some 400 prisoners are selected to survive, temporarily, to supply manual labour necessary to support the mass murder function of the killing centre. During this first phase of deportations, from early May until the end of July 1942, the Sobibór killing centre authorities kill at least 61,400 Jews. Many of them were deported from cities and towns in the north and east of Lublin District; the majority were Jews deported from the German Reich, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and Slovakia either directly or via the transit camp-ghetto in Izbica.
July/August 1942
The SS halts deportations to Sobibór in order to modernise the railway spur into the camp.
8 October 1942
Camp authorities resume mass murder operations in the gas chambers of Sobibór with the arrival of more than 24,000 Slovak Jews between 8 and 20 October from the transit camp-ghetto Izbica in the Lublin District of the General Government. The camp authorities kill virtually all of the deportees upon arrival in reconstructed and newly added gas chambers, completed during the two-month lull in transports to Sobibór. The improvements in capacity enable the camp authorities to kill up to 1,300 people at a time. Newly constructed as well was a narrow railway trolley from the reception platform to the burial pits in order to facilitate the transfer of the sick, the dead and those unable to walk directly to the open ovens. Those still alive after this journey are shot by the SS staff or the Trawniki-trained guards.
12 February 1943
Heinrich Himmler visits Sobibór to inspect operations. Several SS officers at the camp are promoted as a result.
5 March 1943
Deportations from the Netherlands. German SS and Police authorities begin deportations of Dutch Jews from transit camp Westerbork to Sobibór. In 19 transports from this date until July 1943, SS authorities in Westerbork deport over 34,000 Jews to Sobibór. Camp staff and guards kill almost all of them in the gas chambers or by shooting on arrival in the camp.
April 1943
Deportations from France. Two transports containing a total of 2,000 Jews from France arrive at Sobibór from the police transit camp Drancy, outside Paris. Deportations from France to camps in the east, primarily Auschwitz, began in March 1942 and continue until August 1944.
July/October 1943
Deportations from the Soviet Union. Following Himmler's order of July 1943 to liquidate the ghettos in Reichskommissariat Ostland, SS and police units liquidate ghettos in Minsk, Lida and Wilno (Vilnius, Vilne) and deport those who survived to Sobibór. The first transports from Minsk and Lida leave for Sobibór on 18 September. Included in the first deportation from Minsk (arrived 22 September) is Alexander "Sasha" Pechersky, a Soviet-Jewish prisoner of war, who, because of his military training, came to play a central role in the resistance movement in Sobibór. In September 1943 alone, SS and police authorities transported at least 13,700 Jews from ghettos in the occupied Soviet Union to Sobibór. The camp authorities gas or shoot most of them upon arrival.
14 October 1943
Sobibór revolt. Prisoners carry out a revolt in Sobibór, killing close to a dozen German staff and Trawniki-trained guards. Of 600 prisoners left in Sobibór on this day, roughly 300 escape during the uprising.[1] Among the survivors is Alexander Pechersky, the Soviet prisoner-of-war who played a key role in planning the revolt. Of those who escape, the SS and police personnel from Lublin district recapture and shoot some 140. Some of the prisoners selected for temporary survival in Sobibór organised an underground resistance organisation in early summer of 1943 as it became apparent that gassing operations at Sobibór were slowing. Once the gassing operations were finished, the SS planned to dismantle the killing centre and reconfigure the facility first as a holding pen for women and children deported from villages in Belarus, which had been destroyed in the course of so-called anti-partisan operations, and, later, as an ammunition depot. Though no further prisoners arrived after the killing centre was remodelled, the facility was guarded by a small Trawniki-trained detachment until at least the end of March 1944. During the year and a half in which the Sobibór killing centre operated, camp authorities and the Trawniki-trained guards murdered at least 167,000 people. Virtually all of the victims were Jews.
17 October 1943
Heinrich Himmler orders that Sobibór be closed and all evidence of the camp's existence be removed.[1]
↑ William L. Shirer (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (3 ed., 1960). Simon and Schuster. p. 968. ISBN 0671728687. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Jakub Chmielewski (2014), Obóz zagłady w Sobiborze [Death camp in Sobibor] (in പോളിഷ്), Lublin: Ośrodek Brama Grodzka, Pamięć Miejsca, archived from the original on 2014-10-12, retrieved 25 September 2014{{citation}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
Sobibor Museum (2014) [2006], Historia obozu [Camp history], Dr. Krzysztof Skwirowski, Majdanek State Museum, Branch in Sobibór (Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku, Oddział: Muzeum Byłego Obozu Zagłady w Sobiborze), archived from the original on 2013-05-07, retrieved 25 September 2014
Onderzoek – Vernietigingskamp Sobibor (records of testimonies, transportation lists and other documents, from the archives of the NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies, Netherlands)
