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ਹੀਟ ਜਾਂ ਗਰਮੀ, ਪਦਾਰਥ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਵਸਤੂ ਤੋਂ ਕਿਸੇ ਦੂਜੀ ਤੱਕ ਦੋਵਾਂ ਦਰਮਿਆਨ ਤਾਪਮਾਨ ਅੰਤਰ ਕਾਰਨ ਵਹਿ ਰਹੀ ਊਰਜਾ ਦੀ ਮਾਤਰਾ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਹੈ।

ਹਵਾਲੇ

ਕਥਨ

ਹਵਾਲਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸੂਚੀ

Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). Equilibrium Thermodynamics, (1st edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-25445-0.
Atkins, P., de Paula, J. (1978/2010). Physical Chemistry, (first edition 1978), ninth edition 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, ISBN 978-0-19-954337-3.
Bacon, F. (1620). Novum Organum Scientiarum, translated by Devey, J., P.F. Collier & Son, New York, 1902.
Baierlein, R. (1999). Thermal Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65838-6.
Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American।nstitute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3.
Born, M. (1949). Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, Oxford University Press, London.
Bryan, G.H. (1907). Thermodynamics. An।ntroductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications, B.G. Teubner, Leipzig.
Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an।ntroduction to Thermostatistics, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0-471-86256-8.
Carathéodory, C. (1909). "Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik". Mathematische Annalen. 67: 355–386. doi:10.1007/BF01450409. A translation may be found here. A mostly reliable translation is to be found at Kestin, J. (1976). The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg PA.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1961). Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK.
Clark, J. O. E. (2004). The Essential Dictionary of Science. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-4616-8.
Clausius, R. (1854). Annalen der Physik (Poggendoff's Annalen), Dec. 1854, vol. xciii. p. 481; translated in the Journal de Mathematiques, vol. xx. Paris, 1855, and in the Philosophical Magazine, August 1856, s. 4. vol. xii, p. 81.
Clausius, R. (1865/1867). The Mechanical Theory of Heat – with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies, London: John van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row. MDCCCLXVII. Also the second edition translated into English by W.R. Browne (1879) here and here.
De Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962). Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics, North-Holland, Amsterdam. Reprinted (1984), Dover Publications।nc., New York, ISBN 0486647412.
Denbigh, K. (1955/1981). The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-23682-7.
Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003). Entropy, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, ISBN 0-691-11338-6.
Guggenheim, E.A. (1967) [1949], Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists (fifth ed.), Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |other= (help)
Jensen, W.B. (2010). "Why Are q and Q Used to Symbolize Heat?" (PDF). J. Chem. Educ. 87 (11): 1142. Bibcode:2010JChEd..87.1142J. doi:10.1021/ed100769d. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 Mar 2015. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
J. P. Joule (1884), The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule, The Physical Society of London, p. 274, Lecture on Matter, Living Force, and Heat. 5 and 12 May 1847.
Kittel, C. Kroemer, H. (1980). Thermal Physics, second edition, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, ISBN 0-7167-1088-9.
Kondepudi, D. (2008), ।ntroduction to Modern Thermodynamics, Chichester UK: Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |other= (help)
Kondepudi, D., Prigogine,।. (1998). Modern Thermodynamics: From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, ISBN 0-471-97393-9.
Landau, L., Lifshitz, E.M. (1958/1969). Statistical Physics, volume 5 of Course of Theoretical Physics, translated from the Russian by J.B. Sykes, M.J. Kearsley, Pergamon, Oxford.
Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics: Foundations, Applications, Frontiers, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, e-ISBN 978-3-540-74252-4.
Lieb, E.H., Yngvason, J. (2003). The Entropy of Classical Thermodynamics, Chapter 8 of Entropy, Greven, A., Keller, G., Warnecke (editors) (2003).
Maxwell, J.C. (1871), Theory of Heat (first ed.), London: Longmans, Green and Co. {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |other= (help)
Partington, J.R. (1949), An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry., vol. volume 1, Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases, London: Longmans, Green and Co. {{citation}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |other= (help)
Perrot, Pierre (1998). A to Z of Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-856552-6.
Pippard, A.B. (1957/1966). Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics, original publication 1957, reprint 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
Planck, M., (1897/1903). Treatise on Thermodynamics, translated by A. Ogg, first English edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London.
Planck. M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation, a translation by Masius, M. of the second German edition, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia.
Planck, M., (1923/1927). Treatise on Thermodynamics, translated by A. Ogg, third English edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London.
Reif, F. (1965). Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics. New York: McGraw-Hlll,।nc.
Shavit, A., Gutfinger, C. (1995). Thermodynamics. From Concepts to Applications, Prentice Hall, London, ISBN 0-13-288267-1.
Truesdell, C. (1969). Rational Thermodynamics: a Course of Lectures on Selected Topics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Truesdell, C. (1980). The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics 1822–1854, Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-90403-4.

ਹੋਰ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸੂਚੀ

Beretta, G.P.; E.P. Gyftopoulos (1990). "What is heat?" (PDF). Education in thermodynamics and energy systems. AES. 20. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Gyftopoulos, E. P., & Beretta, G. P. (1991). Thermodynamics: foundations and applications. (Dover Publications)
Hatsopoulos, G. N., & Keenan, J. H. (1981). Principles of general thermodynamics. RE Krieger Publishing Company.