↑ 1.01.1That phoneme is represented by the Arabic letter ǧīm (ج) and has many standard pronunciations: [ɡ] in Egypt and some regions in Yemen and Oman, as well as, in Morocco and Algeria in some words, especially colloquially; [ʒ] in most of the Levant and most other places across North Africa; [d͡ʒ] in most of the Arabian Peninsula, north Algeria and restricted areas of the Levant. In the Arabian Peninsula it is sometimes softened to [ʒ]. Some regions in Sudan and Yemen have a [ɡʲ] or [ɟ].
↑ 2.02.12.2In case of loanwords: /d͡ʒ/ or /ʒ/ are realized as [ʒ] in Egypt and can be transcribed by چ which is used to transcribe /ɡ/ in Israel. In case of transcribing Iraqi and gulf Arabic, چ represents: /t͡ʃ/. چ as used for /t͡ʃ/ is rare and mostly used only in Iraq (and less likely for other Gulf Arabics), but usually تش is used instead. Elsewhere it is usually realized as [t]+[ʃ] and a buffer vowel might be inserted in between, before or after the consonants. It might be approximated to [ʃ].
↑ 3.03.1In Egypt, Sudan and Levant, /θ, ð/ are always approximated to [s, z] in loanwords in their regional dialects.
↑Ẓāʾ (ظ) represents [zˤ ~ z], in Egypt, Levant and Sudan, for both of regional dialects and Modern Standard Arabic.
↑[ɡ] can also be used in loanwords. If not ج, other letters may represent the phoneme, such as: غ, ك, ق, گ, ݣ or ڨ.
↑ 6.06.1In Iraq and Persian Gulf pronunciation, it is epiglottal.
↑In Modern Standard Arabic, [ɫ] is only found in Allah, but it's found in other dialects normally. Most speakers of other regions lack the sound even when pronouncing Modern Standard Arabic.
↑In many geographic regions, regional dialects substitute /q/ with [ʔ], [ɡ] or [ɢ], with some exceptions.
↑In the northern most of Egypt and in Lebanon, /r/ is in free variation between [ɾ] and [r].
↑ 13.013.1The front vowel /æ/ corresponds to: [a] in Levant; [ɛ] or [e] in Northwest Africa in stressed syllables in dialects which have stress while in these dialects, the unstressed form is [æ]. In west Arabia, it's mainly [a] with an allophone, if there are no emphatic consonants or emphatic consonant clusters, [æ] before /n,l/ and after /j,ɡ/.
↑ 14.014.1The phonemes /a,aː/ are retracted to [ɑ] and [ɑː], respectively, around the emphatic consonants, /tˤ,dˤ,sˤ,ðˤ/, also sometimes /r/. Some standards also include /ʁ,χ/. [ɑ] is the main stressed open vowel in Iraq and Persian Gulf pronunciation.
↑[ɐ] is an allophone of unstressed /a/ in Iraq and Persian Gulf pronunciation.
↑ 16.016.1[e]~[ɪ] is an allophone of short /i/ in some pronunciations. Although in proper pronunciation of loanwords of non-Arabic origin, it can be [i].
↑ 17.017.1[o]~[ʊ] is an allophone of short /u/ in some pronunciations. Although in proper pronunciation of loanwords of non-Arabic origin, it can be [u].
↑ 18.018.118.2Mainly in Egypt and Sudan, the final form is always ى, both in handwriting and in print, representing both final-/iː/ and final-/aː/.
↑ 19.019.1Modern Standard Arabic diphthongs /aj,aw/ are especially monophthongized to [eː,oː] in names of Arabic origin. In Lebanese Arabic, medial /aː/ sometimes has [eː] as an allophone.
