↑ 3.03.1Catalan orthography distinguishes between ‹ll› (representing /ʎ/) and ‹l·l› (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ‹l·l› is ignored altogether.
↑ 5.05.15.2The rhotic consonants/ɾ/ ‹r› and /r/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r› with, [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, in compounds and at the end of an utterance; [ɾ] is found elsewhere. Syllable-final /r/ is a tap[ɾ] in Valencia and Majorca. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, word final /r/ is generally dropped (e.g. parlar[pərˈɫa], fer[ˈfe], but per[pər]). In most cases, word final ‹r› is pronounced when the following word begins with a vowel (e.g. fer-hi[ˈfeɾi]).
↑In Western dialects, including Standard Valencian, the pronunciation of the digraph ‹ix› /ʃ/ is [jʃ] (e.g. caixa[ˈkajʃa], Central Catalan [ˈkaʃə]).
↑ 7.07.17.27.37.47.5While /ʃʒtʃdʒ/ are often described simply as "postalveolar" by many sources, phonetic work done by Daniel Recasens shows the postalveolar sibilants to be alveolo-palatal ([ɕ], [ʑ], [tɕ] and [dʑ], respectively). Nevertheless, since ‹ʃʒtʃdʒ› are overwhelmingly used in the linguistic literature on Catalan and Valencian, those characters are also used at Wikipedia.
↑Several dialects have /v/ as a separate phoneme, in particular, Balearic, Alguerese, standard Valencian, and certain parts of Tarragona; e.g. viu[ˈviw]. Betacism (that is, merging of /b/ and /v/) is general in the rest of Catalan areas (e.g. viu[ˈbiw]).
↑All Catalan dialects contrast seven stressed vowels /aɛeiɔou/ (except for Balearic dialects that contrast eight stressed vowels—i.e. /aɛeiɔou/, plus /ə/: sec/ˈsək/). In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
Eastern Catalan (Alguerese, Balearic, Central and Northern): /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ reduce to [ə] (though in Alguerese /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ merge to [a]) while /o/ and /ɔ/ reduce to [u] (however, in most of Majorcan /ɔ/ and /o/ merge to [o]).
Western Catalan (North-Western and Valencian): /ɛ/ reduces to [e] and /ɔ/ reduces to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ‹e› and ‹o› may reduce to [a] and [u] respectively.
↑In Northern Catalan/u/ becomes [œ] in some instances in contact with palatal consonants (e.g. fulles[ˈfœjəs], standard [ˈfuʎəs]). In other cases it may appear in French interferences, such as sœur or jeunesse, instead of Catalan germana and joventut.
Burguet Ardiaca, Francesc (1980). Introducció a la fonologia, fonètica i ortografia del català. Mataró (Barcelona): Robrenyo. ISBN84-7466-025-4. ਅੰ.
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56
Recasens i Vives, Daniel (1991). Fonètica descriptiva del català : assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i consonantisme del català al segle XX. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. ISBN8472831728. ਅੰ.
Romeu i Juvé, Xavier (1983). Manual de fonologia catalana. Barcelona: Barcanova. ISBN847533119X. ਅੰ.
Veny, Joan (1978). Els Parlars. Barcelona: Dopesa. ISBN8472353885. ਅੰ.
Wheeler, Max W (2005). The Phonology Of Catalan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0199258147. (en)
Valencian
"L'estàndard oral valencià". Valencia: Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL). {{cite web}}: External link in |[url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Text "Pronunciació valenciana]" ignored (help) ਅੰ.
