Primitive root modulo n

In modular arithmetic, a number g is a primitive root modulo n, if every number m from 1..(n-1) can be expressed in the form of ${\displaystyle g^{x}\equiv m{\pmod {n}}}$. As an example, 3 is a primitive root modulo 7:

${\displaystyle 3^{1}\equiv 3\ {\pmod {7}}}$

${\displaystyle 3^{2}\equiv 2\ {\pmod {7}}}$

${\displaystyle 3^{3}\equiv 6\ {\pmod {7}}}$

${\displaystyle 3^{4}\equiv 4\ {\pmod {7}}}$

${\displaystyle 3^{5}\equiv 5\ {\pmod {7}}}$

${\displaystyle 3^{6}\equiv 1\ {\pmod {7}}}$

All the elements ${\displaystyle 1,2,\ldots ,6}$ of the group modulo 7 can be expressed that way. The number 2 is no primitive root modulo 7, because

${\displaystyle 2^{3}=8\equiv 1{\pmod {7}}}$

and

${\displaystyle 2^{6}=64\equiv 1{\pmod {7}}}$

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