V (programming language)

V
	The official V logo
Paradigms	functional, imperative, structured, concurrent
Designed by	Alexander Medvednikov
First appeared	20 June 2019; 5 years ago
Stable release	0.4.10 / 20 March 2025; 42 days ago
Typing discipline	static, strong, inferred
Implementation language	V
Platform	x86-64
OS	Linux, macOS, Windows, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, DragonflyBSD, Solaris
License	MIT
Filename extensions	.v, .vsh
Website	vlang.io
Influenced by
	Go, Kotlin, Oberon, Python, Rust, Swift

V, also known as vlang, is a compiled programming language created to be easier for using, reading, maintaining, and making safer programs.^[3]^[4] It was created by Alexander Medvednikov in 2019.^[5]

Some technical details

V is also general-purpose, which means that it can be used for different purposes, to include creating different kinds of applications that can be cross-platform.^[5] V applications can be created to run on many different operating systems. The language also has various rules and features for greater program safety.^[5]^[4]

Users don't have to care about managing memory themselves, unless they want to, because V gives different options. Users can use a garbage-collector (GC), which is 1 of 4 other choices.^[6]^[7]^[8] Advanced users can choose to turn the GC off and manage memory themselves, using the other options from V.^[5]^[8]

V works well with C. Functions in C can be called for use in V.^[4] It can translate C code into V.^[4] Code in V can also be compiled to human readable C, JavaScript, and other languages.^[5]^[7]

Examples

Here is a hello world program in V.

println("Hello world!")

Here is an example of using a variable:

Define by using := and a value.
Variables that don't have mut, have values that can't be changed.
Variables that have mut before them can change values using =.

a := 1 // value can not be changed
mut b := 2 // value can be changed
b = 3

Here is an example of using `if`, `else if` and `else` conditionals in V.

// Define entry point.
fn main() {
	a := 10
	b := 20
	if a < b {
		println("${a} < ${b}")
	} else if a > b {
		println("${a} > ${b}")
	} else {
		println("${a} == ${b}")
	}
	// Output: 10 < 20
}

Here are examples of how to use the for loop in V.

In V, all types of loops use the same `for` keyword.
This helps to make it easier to learn and separate them from other kinds of code.

// Define entry point.
fn main() {
    // Here is a condition `for` loop (also known as a `while` loop).
	mut count := 0
    for count < 5 {
        // some code
        count++
        println(count) // Prints numbers from 1 up to 5.
    }

    // Here is a range `for` loop.
    for i in 1..10 {
        println("Number: ${i}") // Prints numbers from 1 up to 9.
    }
	
    // Here is a map `for` loop.
	m := {
		"one": 1
		"two": 2
	}
	for key, value in m {
		println("${key} -> ${value}")
		// Output: one -> 1
		//         two -> 2
	}

	// Here is a bare `for` loop.
	mut num := 0
	for {
		num += 2
		if num >= 10 {
			break
		}
	}
	println(num) // Prints "10".
	
	// Here is a C style `for` loop.
	for i := 0; i < 8; i += 2 {
		// Don't print 4
		if i == 4 {
			continue
		}
	println(i) // Prints the numbers "0", "2", and "6".
	}
}