佛教现代主义

佛教现代主义，又称现代佛教（英語：modern Buddhism）^[1]、新佛教（英語：Neo-Buddhism）^[2]、新乘佛教（英語：Neoyana，值得注意的是流行於印度的Navayāna（英语：Navayana）的名稱Navayāna Buddhism也被譯為新乘佛教，但兩者不是同一回事）^[3]或更正佛教（英語：Protestant Buddhism）^[4]，有时在西文中径直被称为佛教^[5]，统称在现代重新解释佛教教義的运动^[6]^[7]^[8]。佛教现代主义受到许多新文化和新思想影响，如西方一神論、理性主义、科学自然主义、浪漫主义等，和其他宗教的现代主义相仿^[9]。例如，在一神论的影响下，一些新佛教派系将佛教教義中的神靈（英语：Creator in Buddhism）描述為一種象徵，使其为现代西方社会所接受^[10]；而在科学自然主义和浪漫主义影响下，更强调佛教对当下生活、经验辩护、理性、心理和健康的益处^[11]。

新佛教运动在学说和实践方面与主流的上座部佛教、大乘佛教和金刚乘佛教不同，佛教现代主义由西方的东方学家和具有改革意识的亚洲佛教徒共同创造，意在重新表述佛教概念，大多不再强调严格教义、宇宙论、仪式、僧侣制度、教士等级制度和偶像崇拜等传统^[12]。“佛教现代主义”的概念在殖民及后殖民时代的亚洲宗教研究界流行，可以在路易·德拉瓦莱-普桑在1910年所著的文章中发现其运用^[13]。

一些属于佛教现代主义的新兴佛教派别可归类为世俗佛教、左翼佛教；各地著名的新兴教派如印度的新乘佛教（英语：Navayana）；台湾的人間佛教，法鼓山、佛光山、慈济基金会等团体；日本日莲佛教（英语：Nichiren Buddhism）的創價學會，妹尾義郎（英语：Girō Senoo）所创之“新兴佛教”，同朋会运动（英语：Ohigashi schism）及其后续分支；韩国的圆佛教；藏传佛教在西方传播的思想如新噶当巴；源自缅甸的内观运动（英语：Vipassana movement）；英国人僧护创立之三宝佛教社区（英语：Triratna Buddhist Community）；美国刺柏基金会（英语：Juniper Foundation）等。

参见

参考文献

^ Lopez 2002，第10頁.
^ H. L. Seneviratne. The Work of Kings. University of Chicago Press. 1999: 25–27. ISBN 978-0-226-74866-5.
^ IRICS 2005 / Section: Media systems: their evolution and innovation. www.inst.at. [2023-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2007-08-06）.
^ McMahan, David L. Buddhist Modernism. Oxford Bibliographies. March 30, 2015 [2024-10-13] （英语）.
^ Prebish & Baumann 2002.
^ McMahan 2008，第5–7, 32–33, 43–52頁.
^ Christopher W. Gowans. Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction. Routledge. 2014: 18–23, 91–94. ISBN 978-1-317-65935-8.
^ Donald S. Lopez. The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life. Yale University Press. 2012: 39–43, 57–60, 74–76, 122–124. ISBN 978-0-300-15913-4.
^ McMahan 2008，第6-10頁.
^ McMahan 2008，第54頁.
^ McMahan 2008，第63-68, 85-99, 114–116, 177, 250-251頁.
^ McMahan, David L., Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, 2010, doi:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0041
^ de la Vallee Poussin, Louis. VI. Buddhist Notes: Vedanta and Buddhism. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (Cambridge University Press). 1910, 42 (1): 129–140 [2023-04-07]. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00081697. （原始内容存档于2020-02-27）. , Quote: "A historical study of Neo-Buddhism would be very interesting, as an episode of the intellectual conquest of the East by the West and vice versa."

參考書目

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Flanagan, Owen, Science for Monks: Buddhism and Science: A BIT of The Really Hard Problem, MIT Press, 2014
Hayes, Richard P., The Internet as Window onto American Buddhism, Queen, Christopher; Williams, Duncan Ryuken (编), American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship, Routledge, 2013
Keown, Damien. Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction Kindle. Oxford University Press. 2000.
Konik, Adrian, Buddhism and Transgression: The Appropriation of Buddhism in the Contemporary West, BRIIL, 2009
Lamb, Christopher, Cosmology, myth and symbolism, Harvey, Peter (编), Buddhism, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001
Trainor, Kevin, Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide, Oxford University Press, 2004 [2023-04-07], ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7, （原始内容存档于2023-01-11）
James, Alan; Jacqui, James. Modern Buddhism. Aucana. 1989. ISBN 0-9511769-1-9.
James, William. The varieties of religious experience : a study in human nature. London: Longmans, Green & Co. June 1902: 534 [2023-04-07]. ISBN 0-585-23263-6. （原始内容存档于2023-06-22）.
Josephson, Jason Ānanda. When Buddhism Became a "Religion": Religion and Superstition in the Writings of Inoue Enryō. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 2006, 33 (1): 143–168 [2023-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-07）.
Lopez, Donald S., Jr. Buddhism & science : a guide for the perplexed. Buddhism and modernity. University of Chicago Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-226-49312-1.
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Webb, Russel. Heinz Bechert 26 June 1932-14. Buddhist Studies Review. 2005, 22 (2): 211–216 [2023-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-10）.