優越感

優越感是由心理治療師阿爾弗雷德·阿德勒在20世紀初創造的名詞，也是其個體心理學理論的一部分。優越感是一種心理防衛機制，在一個人應對痛苦的自卑感時會產生並發展。有優越感情結的人通常會展現出自大、傲慢和蔑視他人的性格特徵，他們也可能會建立起以專橫、霸道甚至有攻擊性的行為模式來對待他人。^[1]^[2]

定义

阿爾弗雷德·阿德勒是第一個使用並在其個體心理學理論專著中探討“優越感”一詞的人^[3]^[4]在阿德勒的書中，自卑感和優越感作為因果關係交織在一起。^[5]^[6]。阿德勒認為，優越感本質來源於人需要克服潛在自卑情結。優越感是一种補償自卑感的过度矫正^[3]，而这是一種消極的、有害的心裡觀念^[7]。某些人在面對有自卑感帶來的困難時，會發出一種優越感來克服前者，而克服的形式主要是通過誇大自身的重要性。有優越感的人往往抱有英雄主義的幻想，或對成功與失敗有著錯誤的認知^[8]^[4] 。阿德勒認為，追求優越是人類的天性^[3]，然而理智的人不會將優越情結投射到他人之上或是瞧不起他人，而是將精力放在自我突破和腳踏實地的工作中。相比之下，那些擁有優越感的人卻充滿了自負的幻想並妄想著屬於自己的霸權。^[9]

參考資料

^ Alfred Adler, The Neurotic Constitution: Outlines of a Comparative Individualistic Psychology and Psychotherapy （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, trans. Bernard Glueck and John E. Lind (New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1917), xvii ("... so the traits of character, especially the neurotic ones, serve as a psychic means and form of expression for the purpose of entering into an account with life, for the purpose of assuming an attitude, of gaining a fixed point in the vicissitudes of life, for the purpose of reaching that security-giving goal, the feeling of superiority.").
^ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. ahdictionary.com 5th. 2018 [5 October 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-22）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Adler, Alfred, 1870-1937. The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler : a Systematic Presentation in Selections from His Writings First. New York. 1964-12-30. ISBN 9780061311543. OCLC 5692434.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 H Mosak, Primer of Adlerian Psychology (2013) p 83
^ PsycNET. psycnet.apa.org. [2019-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-22）.
^ PsycNET. psycnet.apa.org. [2019-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-22）.
^ R Sharf, Theories of Psychotherapy and Counselling (2011) p. 130
^ A Adler, Collected Clinical Works of Alfred Adler (2002) p. 78
^ R Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 368 and p. 6

[1] Alfred Adler, The Neurotic Constitution: Outlines of a Comparative Individualistic Psychology and Psychotherapy （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, trans. Bernard Glueck and John E. Lind (New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1917), xvii ("... so the traits of character, especially the neurotic ones, serve as a psychic means and form of expression for the purpose of entering into an account with life, for the purpose of assuming an attitude, of gaining a fixed point in the vicissitudes of life, for the purpose of reaching that security-giving goal, the feeling of superiority.").

[2] American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. ahdictionary.com 5th. 2018 [5 October 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-22）.

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Adler, Alfred, 1870-1937. The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler : a Systematic Presentation in Selections from His Writings First. New York. 1964-12-30. ISBN 9780061311543. OCLC 5692434.

[#1-4] 4.0 ^4.1 H Mosak, Primer of Adlerian Psychology (2013) p 83

[5] PsycNET. psycnet.apa.org. [2019-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-22）.

[6] PsycNET. psycnet.apa.org. [2019-11-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-22）.

[7] R Sharf, Theories of Psychotherapy and Counselling (2011) p. 130

[8] A Adler, Collected Clinical Works of Alfred Adler (2002) p. 78

[9] R Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 368 and p. 6

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優越感

定义

參考資料

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