北美地质史 北美地质史是指从地球形成到史前时期开始時北美洲的地质以及北美洲陸地上的生物历史。在古生代初期，现在的北美洲实际上位于南半球。 前寒武纪期間，北美出現了藍菌門生物[1]。三叠纪時期，北美境內出現了恐龙。盘古大陆开始分裂後，北美开始向北和向西漂移。在侏罗纪后期，北美西部的洪泛区是異特龍屬、迷惑龍屬和劍龍屬等恐龙的家园。白垩纪期间，墨西哥湾變得越來越大，此時北美西部的沿海平原是埃德蒙頓龍屬、三角龍屬和暴龍屬等恐龙的家园。 新生代开始後，陆地上的哺乳动物越來越多。始新世期间，北美西部是小型原始骆驼、原始马以及肉食性肉齒目動物的家园。漸新世期間，北美的气候变冷，直到更新世時氣候才轉暖。此時北美大陸上的物種有劍齒虎亞科、真猛獁象、乳齿象属和恐狼。人类通過西伯利亚和阿拉斯加之间的陆桥抵达北美。 参考文献 ^ Murray (1974); "Michigan", page 157. 參考書目 Braden, Angela K. The Arkansas Dinosaur "Arkansaurus fridayi". Arkansas Geologic Survey. 2007. "A Brief Summary of the Geologic History of Ohio". GeoFacts. Number 23. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. July 2001. Brown, R.C. Florida's Fossils: Guide to Location, Identification, and Enjoyment third. Pineapple Press. 2008. ISBN 978-1-56164-409-4.  Discovering Dinosaurs （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Minipage. Buffalo News. November 4, 2010. Accessed August 28, 2010. Carr, T.D., Williamson, T.E., & Schwimmer, D.R. 2005. A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(1): 119–143. Dinosaur Fossils are not found in Indiana （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Our Hoosier State Beneath Us: Paleontology. Indiana Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources. Accessed August 2, 2012. Everhart, M. J. 2005. Oceans of Kansas - A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press, 320 pp. Foster, J. (2007). Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. 389pp. ISBN 978-0-253-34870-8. Frequently Asked Questions. Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. 2013 [28 January 2013]. （原始内容存档于13 November 2012）.  Gangloff, Roland, Sarah Rieboldt, Judy Scotchmoor, Dale Springer. July 21, 2006. "Alaska, US （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）." The Paleontology Portal （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Accessed September 21, 2012. Greb, Stephen. Fossils. Fact Sheet No. 4. Kentucky Geological Survey. September 1999. Hilton, Richard P. 2003. Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California. Berkeley: University of California Press. 318 pp. Horner, John R. Dinosaurs Under the Big Sky. Mountain Press Publishing Company. 2001. ISBN 0-87842-445-8. Huntsman, John, Patricia Kelley, Judy Scotchmoor, Dale Springer. February 17, 2004. "North Carolina, US." The Paleontology Portal （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Accessed September 21, 2012. Jacobs, L. L., III. 1995. Lone Star Dinosaurs. Texas A&M University Press. Jones, Meg. Rare Sample From Dinosaur Age Found in Wisconsin （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Milwaukee, Wisconsin Journal Sentinel Online. 2009. Accessed August 14, 2012. Lockley, Martin and Hunt, Adrian. Dinosaur Tracks of Western North America. Columbia University Press. 1999. Madin, Ian P. "Oregon: A Geologic History." Interpretive Map Series 28. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. Mihelich, Peggy.It's Real Life CSI for Dinosaur Detectives. CNN Tech. August 25, 2006. Accessed July 31, 2012. Murray, Marian. 1974. Hunting for Fossils: A Guide to Finding and Collecting Fossils in All 50 States. Collier Books. 348 pp. Schiebout, J. A., Ting, S., Williams, M., Boardman, G., Gose, W., Wilhite, D. R., White, P. D., and Kilbourne, B. 2004. Paleofaunal & Environmental Research on Miocene Fossil Sites TVOR SE and TVOR S on Fort Polk, Louisiana, with Continued Survey, Collection, Processing, and Documentation of other Miocene localities. Louisiana. Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District, Contract no. DACA63-00-D-006, Delivery Order no. 0015. Louisiana State University, 45 pp. Thompson, Ida. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fossils. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1982: 846. ISBN 0-394-52412-8.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Vaiden, Robert C. Build Illinois: The Last 500 Million Years. Geonote 4. Illinois State Geological Survey. 2004. 12 pp. Accessed August 3, 2012. Weishampel, D.B. & L. Young. 1996. Dinosaurs of the East Coast. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. Witzke, Brian J. The Age of Dinosaurs in Iowa. Iowa Geology. Number 26. 2001. Pages 2–7.

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