同离子效应:由于 X 的浓度可以影响反应速率,因此可以通过加入与反应物具有相同阴离子的物质来达到减缓反应速率的目的。但这对叔丁基卤的水解反应影响不大。
盐效应:SN1反应的速率随溶液中离子强度的增大而增大。当 Y 和 RX 都是中性分子时,X 很显然带有负电荷,因而溶液的离子强度将随着反应进行而增大。大多数溶剂解反应即属于上面的类型。因此溶剂解反应的速率很复杂,不仅要考虑解离出的 X 浓度增大对碳正离子 R+ 的竞争,还要考虑带有负电荷的 X 浓度增大的盐效应,而这两个趋势是相反的。
^L. G. Wade, Jr., Organic Chemistry, 6th ed., Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA, 2005.
^ 2.02.12.22.3 J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 1992.
^188. Mechanism of substitution at a saturated carbon atom. Part XXIII. A kinetic demonstration of the unimolecular solvolysis of alkyl halides. (Section E) a general discussion Leslie C. Bateman, Mervyn G. Church, Edward D. Hughes, Christopher K. Ingold and Nazeer Ahmed Taher J. Chem. Soc., 1940, 979 - 1011, doi:10.1039/JR9400000979
^For a direct observation of the two steps see Mayr, H.; Minegishi , S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 4493.
^For reviews of solvolysis, see Okamato, K. Adv. Carbocation Chem. 1989, 1, 171; Blandamer, M.J.; Scott J.M.W.; Robertson, R.E. Prog. Phys. Org. Chem. 1985, 15, 149; Robertson R.E. Prog. Phys. Org. Chem. 1967, 4, 213. For a review of the solvolytic cleavage of tert-butyl substrates, see Dvorko, G.F.; Ponomavera, E.A.; Kulik, N.I. Russ. Chem. Rev. 1984, 53, 547.
^Benfey, O.T.; Hughes, E.D.; Ingold, C.K. J. Chem. Soc. 1952,2488.
^Bateman, L.C.; Hughes, E.D.; Ingold, C.K. J. Chem. Soc. 1940,960.
^In the experiments mentioned, the solvent was actually "70%" or "80%" aqueous acetone. The "80%" aqueous acetone consists of 4 vol of dry acetone and 1 vol of water.
^McClelland, R.A.; Kanagasabapathy, V.M.; Steenken, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1988, 110, 6913.
^Creary, X.; Wang, Y.-X. J. Org. Chem.1992, 57, 4761. Also see, Fǎrcaşiu, D.; Marino, G.; Harris, J.M.; Hovanes, B.A.; Hsu, C.S. J. Org. Chem.1994, 59, 154.
^Bateman, L.C.; Hughes, E.D.; Ingold, C.K. J. Chem. Soc. 1940,1011.