尽管直到拿破崙戰爭结束前都没有建立起正式的和平运动,但由于人们认为英国是以反动的姿态作战,而且战争对国家福利的影响越来越明显——税率的提高和伤亡率的上升——因此在战后确实出现了一场由普世主义理想者所推动的重要和平运动。公众向议会(英语:Parliament of Great Britain)签署了16份和平请愿书,掀起了反战和反皮特的示威游行潮。这一时期,和平主义题材的文学作品也得到了广泛的出版和传播[6]。
印度的圣雄甘地是20世纪最知名的和平及非暴力运动的代言人之一。甘地主义代表了甘地所提倡的理念及原则。桑克达尔(Sankhdher)认为,甘地主义并非形而上学或政治哲学中的一个系统性的立场。相反,它是一种政治信条、一种经济学说、一种宗教观、一种道德戒律,以及一种人道主义的世界观。它不是为了将知识系统化,而是为了改造社会,它的基础是对人性善的不朽信仰[11]。甘地深受俄国小说家列夫·托爾斯泰的和平主义思想的影响。1908年,托尔斯泰写下了《给一个印度人的信(英语:A Letter to a Hindu)》,托尔斯泰在信中称,只有通过消极抵抗,将爱作为武器,印度人民才能推翻殖民统治。1909年,甘地与托尔斯泰开始在信件往来中频繁的谈及非暴力的现实和神学应用[12]。甘地认为自己是托尔斯泰的弟子,因为他们在反对国家权力和殖民主义方面意见一致:两人都痛恨暴力,宣扬非抵抗主义。然而,他们在政治策略上有很大的不同。甘地呼吁将和平运动与政治相结合;他是一个使用非暴力抵抗的民族主义者,且愿意做出妥协[13]。
二战后,日本亦出现了大量的和平运动。1954年,他们成立了日本反对原子弹和氢弹委员会(日语:原水爆禁止日本協議会)(Japanese Council Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs、原水爆禁止日本協議会)。日本强烈反对任何太平洋地区的核武器试验,并曾发起相关请愿签名,据称“估计收集到3500万个要求禁止核武器的签名”[33]。
由于百人委员会没有等级结构,也没有正式成员,许多地方团体纷纷开始自称百人委员会(英语:Committee of 100 (United Kingdom))。这有助于宣传非暴力反抗,但也造成了政策上的混乱,随着这一运动十几年的发展,许多自称百人委员会的团体参与了与不少战争或和平没有直接关系的社会问题的行动。
^Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963 by Scott H. Bennett. New York, Syracuse University Press, 2003, ISBN0-8156-3028-X, p.18.
^War and the Iliad. The New York Review of books. [2009-09-29]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-01).
^Lynd, Staughton. Nonviolence in America: a documentary history, Bobbs-Merrill, 1966, (PPS. 271-296).
^Quoted on Albert Einstein互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2007-10-09. at Peace Pledge Union, and but also discussed in detail in articles in Einstein, Albert (1954), Ideas and Opinions, New York: Random House, ISBN0-517-00393-7
^ 29.029.1 Lest Innocent Blood Be Shed: The Story of Le Chambon and How Goodness Happened There Philip P. Hallie, (1979) New York: Harper & Row, ISBN0-06-011701-X
^Bertrand Russell, "Civil Disobedience", New Statesman, 17 February 1961
^Frank E. Myers, "Civil Disobedience and Organizational Change: The British Committee of 100", Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 86, No. 1. (Mar., 1971), pp. 92–112
^Thomas Hager. Strontium-90. Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections. November 29, 2007 [December 13, 2007]. (原始内容存档于2010-12-22).
^Thomas Hager. The Right to Petition. Oregon State University Libraries Special Collections. November 29, 2007 [December 13, 2007]. (原始内容存档于2010-12-20).
^Jim Falk (1982). Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power, Oxford University Press, p. 98.
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一手文献
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