^Recknagel, Charles. Iran: Expulsion From Jordan Only Temporary Setback For Hamas. Radio Free Europe. [2024-08-08]（英语）. For years, Amman and Damascus have been safe havens from which the most radical leaders of Hamas could operate beyond the reach of the Israeli and Palestinian Authority security services. But Jordan's recent closure of the Amman office of Hamas, the acronym of the Islamic Resistance Movement, now has changed that equation and set the group looking for new political bases and allies abroad.
^Cafiero, Giorgio. Why Syria is So Silent About Hamas. Stimson. [2024-08-08]（英语）. Syria first became a state sponsor of Hamas in the 1990s. American and Israeli pressure had contributed to Jordan’s decision to evict the Palestinian group’s exiled political leadership from Amman in 1999, resulting in Hamas’s external headquarters moving to Damascus in 2001 following a brief stay in Qatar. Damascus provided Hamas the freedom to train its militants on Syrian soil while the Syrian Ministry of Information became the venue for Hamas’s exiled political leadership to hold press conferences. This support was one major reason why the U.S. State Department has kept Syria on its “state sponsors of terrorism” list for so many years.
^Cafiero, Giorgio. Why Syria is So Silent About Hamas. Stimson. [2024-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2025-02-04） （英语）. But the Syrian government’s relationship with Hamas drastically deteriorated after Hamas sided with Assad’s opponents after the Arab Spring erupted in 2011. By February 2012, the Damascus-Hamas rift resulted in the resistance organization’s politburo leaving Syria and relocating to Egypt and Qatar.
^Miller, Elhanan. Cairo agrees to host Hamas headquarters, Arabic daily says. The Times of Israel. [2024-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2025-03-24） （英语）. Less than one year after closing its headquarters in Damascus, Hamas’s “outside” leadership has found a new home in the Egyptian capital of Cairo. Hamas leaders are split between Gaza, where they took violent control in 2007, the West Bank, where they seek to gain control, and elsewhere in the region. London-based daily Al-Hayat reported Tuesday that Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood administration has agreed to open a Hamas office in eastern Cairo and establish a joint committee with Hamas to discuss issues of security along the Gaza-Egypt border.
^Hamas opens office in Cairo. Middle East Monitor. [2024-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2025-03-10） （英语）. The Egyptian government agreed to allow the Palestinian resistance movement, Hamas, to open an office in Cairo and appoint a permanent representative there. Egyptian sources stated that the Hamas delegation currently visiting Cairo agreed with the Egyptian intelligence agency to appoint a representative for the movement in the Egyptian capital, who will act as a coordinator to discuss and deal with various issues. The agreement between the two sides stipulates that there will be permanent representation for the movement in Cairo in order to follow up on the movement’s affairs, as well as the affairs of Gazans in Egypt.
^Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal to step down from his position. The Guardian. [7 August 2024]（英语）. Abu Marzouk is expected to be in contention to succeed Meshaal, although Ismail Haniyeh, the de facto prime minister of Gaza, could also stand for the political leadership. The post is meant to be limited to two terms, although Meshaal's period at the helm was extended twice.
^Khaled Mashal has taken over as the terrorist group's de facto leader. Israele.net. [2024-10-17]. （原始内容存档于2025-03-06） （意大利语）. Translated to English: Following the killing of Yahya Sinwar, senior Hamas official Khaled Mashal (who is based in Qatar) has taken over as the terrorist group's de facto leader, who is also responsible for the hostage negotiations, Lebanese network LBCI reported Thursday evening, saying that Hamas has informed Turkey, Qatar and Egypt.
^Jha, Mausam. How Benjamin Netanyahu boosted rise of Khaled Meshaal, likely new chief of Hamas. Mint. [2024-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2025-01-08） （英语）. Khaled Meshaal led Hamas from exile in Damascus from 2004 until early 2012, when he left due to President Bashar al-Assad's crackdown on Sunnis during the uprising. He now splits his time between Doha and Cairo.
^Sarah, El Debb. The war in Gaza might complicate Haniyeh's replacement. Here are the possible contenders. Associate Press. [2024-08-09]. （原始内容存档于2025-02-23） （英语）. Haniyeh headed the group’s political bureau until his death. His deputy was Saleh Arouri, who was killed in an Israeli strike in Beirut in January and would have been the automatic replacement. Arouri’s post has remained empty since his death.
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