最早对苏联是一个国家资本主义国家的评价形成于俄罗斯的无政府主义者中,并且保罗·亚布里齐(英语:Paul Avrich)也将其记录在他的俄罗斯无政府主义研究中。[29] 此主张日后成为了无政府主义者的研究标准。举例来说,在1935年,著名无政府主义者埃玛·戈尔德曼发表了一篇标题为 “俄罗斯没有共产主义” (There Is No Communism in Russia)的文章,这篇文章中讲到苏联:
在1929年以后,被流放的孟什维克派成员如费多·伊里奇·丹开始认为斯大林统治下的俄罗斯是国家资本主义社会。[38] 在英国,正统派马克思主义团体大不列颠社会党也独立发展出一套相似的思想体系。尽管最初此政党认为苏联资本主义和西方资本主义是不同的。但随着时间的推移,他们也开始认为这两种体系中,官僚政府都掌握生产资料的特点都是相同的,如同天主教教会做的一样。[39] 对此,约翰·奥尼尔(John O' Neil)评论道:
另一种解释来自于托尼·克里夫,他和国际社会主义倾向以及社会主义工人党 (英国)自从20世纪40年代开始便有了联系。不同于约翰逊–弗雷斯特倾向,克里夫提出了国家资本主义将会使他的团体依旧相信托洛茨基主义,尽管是作为异端。[46] 在最近一本由斯蒂芬·雷斯尼克和理查德·沃尔夫合著的书《阶级理论与历史》(Class Theory and History)中,探讨了国家资本主义以何种形式存在于苏联当中,将这场持续了半个世纪之久的托洛茨基主义理论中的辩论继续下去。
在传统上,俄罗斯外的左翼共产主义者和议会共产主义者认为苏联制度即是国家资本主义制度。德国主要的左翼共产主义者奥托·吕勒于20世纪20年代提出此思想并在日后被荷兰议会共产主义者安东尼·潘涅库克阐述,如在《国家资本主义和独裁》(State Capitalism and Dictatorship,1936)当中。
有欧洲学者和政治经济学家使用这一词来描述如今在欧盟当中存在的盛行的三种资本主义中的一种。这种方法主要是被施密特在2002年于《资本主义在欧盟未来的走向》(Schmidt's (2002),The Futures of European Capitalism)中发表的一篇文章所影响。她将欧盟中的资本主义分为了三组,分别为市场导向、有限管理与国家掌控。因此在这里,国家资本主义指的是一种国家、大型企业与工会一起高度合作的方式,并用准协同主义(Quasi-corporatist Model)模式来确保经济增长与发展。
许多分析家断言,中国大陆是21世纪国家资本主义政体的主要例子之一。[65][66][67] 政治学家伊恩·布雷默在他的《自由市场的终结:谁赢得了国家与公司之间的战争》(The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations)一书中,将中国大陆描述为国家资本主义崛起中的主要角色,也同时是对发达国家自由市场经济的挑战,特别是在2007-2008年金融危机过后。[68] 布雷默对国家资本主义作了广泛的定义,例如:[69]
^Williams, Raymond. Capitalism. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Oxford paperbacks revised. New York: Oxford University Press. 1985: 52 [1976] [April 30, 2017]. ISBN 9780195204698. A new phrase, state-capitalism, has been widely used in mC20, with precedents from eC20, to describe forms of state ownership in which the original conditions of the definition – centralized ownership of the means of production, leading to a system of wage-labour – have not really changed.
^Allan G. Johnson. The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. (2000). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN0-631-21681-2. p. 306. In 2008, the U.S. National Intelligence Council used the term in Global Trends 2025: A World Transformed to describe the development of Russia, India and China.
^Slavic Review, 50, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 127-143. Published in Croatian translation in ?asopis za suvremenu povijest [Journal of Contemporary History], Zagreb, no. 3, 1994, 427-450.
^For Bakunin: Gouldner, A.W. 1982. 'Marx's last battle: Bakunin and the First International', Theory and Society 11(6), November, pp. 853-84. Gouldner argues that Bakunin formulated an original critique of Marxism as 'the ideology, not of the working class, but of a new class of scientific intelligentsia—who would corrupt socialism, make themselves a new elite, and impose their rule on the majority' (pp. 860-1)
^Liebich, A. 1987. 'Marxism and totalitarianism: Rudolf Hilferding and the Mensheviks', Dissent 34, Spring, pp. 223-40
^State capitalism: the wages system under new management / Adam Buick and John Crump. Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1986. ISBN0-333-36775-8
^STATE CAPITALISM - THE WAGES SYSTEM UNDER NEW MANAGEMENT - BUICK, A, CRUMP, J; ONEILL, J; POLITICAL QUARTERLY 59 (3): 398-399 JUL-SEP 1988
^Rudolf Hilferding. State Capitalism or Totalitarian State Economy. marxists.org. Socialist Courier. April 25, 1940 [June 17, 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-09). A capitalist economy is governed by the laws of the market (analyzed by Marx) and the autonomy of these laws constitutes the decisive symptom of the capitalist system of production
^Mussolini, Benito; "Address to the National Corporative Council (14 November 1933)". Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions. Fertig, 1978.
^Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta. Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy. University of California Press, 2000. pp. 136.
^Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta. Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy. University of California Press, 2000. pp. 137.
^ 56.056.1Mussolini, Benito; Schnapp, Jeffery Thompson (ed.); Sears, Olivia E. (ed.); Stampino, Maria G. (ed.). "Address to the National Corporative Council (14 November 1933) and Senate Speech on the Bill Establishing the Corporations (abridged; 13 January 1934)". A Primer of Italian Fascism. University of Nebraska Press, 2000. pp. 158.
^ 57.057.157.2Salvemini, Gaetano. Under the Axe of Fascism. READ BOOKS, 2006. pp. 134.
^Ernesto Screpanti, Capitalist Forms and the Essence of Capitalism, "Review of International Political Economy", vol. 6, n. 1, 1999; Ernesto Screpanti, The Fundamental Institutions of Capitalism, Routledge, London 2001.
^Resnick, Stephen & Wolff, Richard (2002) Class Theory and History: Capitalism and Communism in the U.S.S.R. London: Routledge.
^Market Socialism or Capitalism? Evidence from Chinese Financial Market Development, by Julan Du and Chenggang Xu. 2005. IEA 2005 Round Table on Market and Socialism.
^Dittmer, Lowell. Taiwan and China: Fitful Embrace. University of California Press. 2017: 118. ISBN 978-0520295988. A decade after Taiwan made its democratic transition, the KMT's Leninist control model has yet to fade from the decision-making process. In short, both China’s and Taiwan's state capitalism have their roots in the Leninist legacy. [...] To be specific, Taiwan's state capitalism has experienced a transformation from 'leviathan as entrepreneur' in the pre-1989 period to 'leviathan as a minority investor' with the agenda of democratization in the late 1980s.
^Wan-Wen Chu (瞿宛文). The Pole of the State in the Development of Capitalism in Taiwan: A Review of Party-State Capitalism (國家與台灣資本主義的發展-評論《解構黨國資本主義》). 臺灣社會研究季刊. 1995, 20: 151–175 (中文).
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