天蠍-半人馬星協

天蠍-半人馬星協（有時稱為天蠍-半人馬或天蠍OB2）是離太陽最近的 OB星協。這個星協由三個子群組成（上天蠍、上半人馬座-豺狼下半人馬座–南十字），距離約為130秒差距或420光年^[1]。Rizzuto及其同事利用改進的依巴谷衛星數據，更仔細地分析了附近的恆星，使已知成員的數量達到436顆。因為他們發現恆星的分佈更加連綿，他們懷疑是否有必要新增子群^[2]。

天蠍-半人馬星協的年齡在1,100萬（上天蠍子群）^[3]至1,500萬年（上半人馬-豺狼和下半人馬-南十字子群）。許多在天蠍座、豺狼座、半人馬座和南十字座等星座的亮星，都是天蠍-半人馬星協的成員。太陽背點也包含在這個區域^[4]。質量從大約15太陽質量（心宿二）到氫燃燒極限以下（即棕矮星）的數百顆恆星，已被確認為天蠍-半人馬子群的成員^[5]，三個子群中美一群的恆星總數可能都在1000–2000量級^[6]。天蠍-半人馬OB星協似乎是最近（<2,000萬年）和正在進行的恆星形成的大型複合體中最明顯的部分。在天蠍-半人馬星協周邊緊鄰幾個恆星形成區分子雲：蛇夫座ρ、菸斗星雲、巴納德68、蝘蜓座、豺狼座、南冕座和煤袋雲複合體（距離約120-200秒差距），以及幾個星數較少、年輕的恆星形成區，包括年約300萬至500萬年的蝘蜓座ε群（英语：Epsilon Chamaelenotis group）、約700萬年前蝘蜓座ε移動星群（英语：Eta Chamaelenitis moving group）、800萬年的長蛇座TW星協、約1,200萬年的繪架座β移動星群，可能還有約3,000萬至5,000萬年的IC 2602疏散星團^[4]。

天蠍-半人馬星協的恆星成員每年的自行約為0.02–0.04角秒，這表明這些恆星的速度向量幾乎平行於太陽，以相對約20公里/秒的速度移動。子群內速度的離散度僅為1–2km/s的數量級^[7]，而且這個群體很可能是不受引力束縛的。在過去的1,500萬年裡，有幾顆超新星在天蠍-半人馬星協爆炸，在星協周圍留下了一個膨脹的氣體超級氣泡網絡^[8]，包括環I氣泡。

解釋在深海鐵錳結殼和太平洋沉積物中的生物磁鐵礦晶體中存在放射性的⁶⁰Fe^[9]，據推測，大約在300萬年前在太陽附近爆炸的一顆超新星，可能是天蠍-半人馬星協的成員^[10]，導致上新世-更新世邊界海洋滅絕（英语：Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary marine extinction）^[11]然而，其它發現引用了這顆超新星發生在超過100秒差距處的距離，認為它不太可能通過所謂的紫外線B（UV-B）災難的機制促成這次滅絕^[9]^[12]。 2019年，研究人員在南極洲發現了星際鐵，它們與本地星際雲有關，後者可能在天蠍-半人馬星協附近形成^[13]。

在獵戶臂的特寫，主要是來自本地泡與天蠍-半人馬星協。星協（黃色），星雲（紅色）和暗星雲（灰色）核球。

2021年12月，在上天蠍星協發現了大約70顆新的星際行星^[14]。

天蠍-半人馬星協的子群包含最年輕的^[15] 凌日系外行星：K2-33 b（1,100萬年）^[16]、TOI-1227 b（英语：TOI 1227 b）（1,100萬年）^[17]、和HIP 67522 b（英语：HIP 67522 b）（1,700萬年）^[18]。它還包含直接成像系外行星，例如UScoCTIO 108（英语：UScoCTIO 108 b）和PDS 70系統^[19]。

參考資料

^ Melnik, A. M.; Dambis, A. K. Distance scale for high-luminosity stars in OB associations and in field with Gaia DR2. Spurious systematic motions. Astrophysics and Space Science. 2020, 365 (7): 112. Bibcode:2020Ap&SS.365..112M. S2CID 220128144. arXiv:2006.14649 . doi:10.1007/s10509-020-03827-0.
^ Rizzuto, Aaron; Ireland, Michael; Robertson, J. G., Multidimensional Bayesian membership analysis of the Sco OB2 moving group, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, October 2011, 416 (4): 3108–17, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.416.3108R, S2CID 54510608, arXiv:1106.2857 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19256.x.
^ Mark J. Pecaut; Eric E. Mamajek & Eric J. Bubar. A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and the Star Formation History among the F-type Members of the Scorpius–Centaurus OB Association. Astrophysical Journal. February 2012, 746 (2): 154. Bibcode:2012ApJ...746..154P. S2CID 118461108. arXiv:1112.1695 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/154.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Preibisch, T.; Mamajek, E. The Nearest OB Association: Scorpius-Centaurus (Sco OB2). Handbook of Star-Forming Regions. 2009, 2: 0. Bibcode:2008hsf2.book..235P. arXiv:0809.0407 .
^ Preibisch, T.; et al. Exploring the Full Stellar Population of the Upper Scorpius OB Association. Astronomical Journal. 2002, 124 (1): 404–416. Bibcode:2002AJ....124..404P. doi:10.1086/341174 .
^ Mamajek, E.E.; Meyer, M.R. & Liebert, James. Post-T Tauri Stars in the Nearest OB Association. Astronomical Journal. 2002, 124 (3): 1670–1694. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.1670M. S2CID 16855894. arXiv:astro-ph/0205417 . doi:10.1086/341952.
^ Madsen, S.; et al. Astrometric radial velocities. III. Hipparcos measurements of nearby star clusters and associations. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2002, 381 (2): 446–463. Bibcode:2002A&A...381..446M. S2CID 17596452. arXiv:astro-ph/0110617 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011458.
^ de Geus, E.J. Interaction of Stars and Interstellar Matter in Scorpio Centaurus. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1992, 262: 258–270. Bibcode:1992A&A...262..258D.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Ludwig, Peter; et al. Time-resolved 2-million-year-old supernova activity discovered in Earth's microfossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016, 113 (33): 9232–9237. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.9232L. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4995991 . PMID 27503888. arXiv:1710.09573 . doi:10.1073/pnas.1601040113 .
^ Fields, Brian D.; Hochmuth, Kathrin A.; Ellis, John. Deep-Ocean Crusts as Telescopes: Using Live Radioisotopes to Probe Supernova Nucleosynthesis. Astrophys. J. 2005, 621 (2): 902–07. Bibcode:2005ApJ...621..902F. S2CID 17932224. arXiv:astro-ph/0410525 . doi:10.1086/427797.
^ Benítez, N.; Maíz-Apellániz, J.; Canelles M. Evidence for nearby supernova explosions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 88 (8): 081101. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88h1101B. PMID 11863949. S2CID 41229823. arXiv:astro-ph/0201018 . doi:10.1103/physrevlett.88.081101.
^ Cockell, CS. Crises and extinction in the fossil record—A role for ultraviolet radiation?. Paleobiology. 1999, 25 (2): 212–225. S2CID 132108580. doi:10.1017/S0094837300026518.
^ Koll, D.; et., al. Interstellar 60Fe in Antarctica. Physical Review Letters. 2019, 123 (7): 072701. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.123g2701K. PMID 31491090. S2CID 201868513. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.072701.
^ ESO telescopes help uncover largest group of rogue planets yet. European Southern Observatory. 22 December 2021 [22 December 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-25）. See also attached research paper （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
^ Planetary Systems. exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. [2022-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-22）. as of September 2022
^ Mann, Andrew W.; Newton, Elisabeth R.; Rizzuto, Aaron C.; Irwin, Jonathan; Feiden, Gregory A.; Gaidos, Eric; Mace, Gregory N.; Kraus, Adam L.; James, David J.; Ansdell, Megan; Charbonneau, David; Covey, Kevin R.; Ireland, Michael J.; Jaffe, Daniel T.; Johnson, Marshall C. Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT). III. A Short-period Planet Orbiting a Pre-main-sequence Star in the Upper Scorpius OB Association. The Astronomical Journal. 2016-09-01, 152 (3): 61 [2023-05-09]. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...61M. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 6552081. arXiv:1604.06165 . doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/61. （原始内容存档于2023-03-07）.
^ Mann, Andrew W.; Wood, Mackenna L.; Schmidt, Stephen P.; Barber, Madyson G.; Owen, James E.; Tofflemire, Benjamin M.; Newton, Elisabeth R.; Mamajek, Eric E.; Bush, Jonathan L.; Mace, Gregory N.; Kraus, Adam L.; Thao, Pa Chia; Vanderburg, Andrew; Llama, Joe; Johns-Krull, Christopher M. TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME). VI. An 11 Myr Giant Planet Transiting a Very-low-mass Star in Lower Centaurus Crux. The Astronomical Journal. 2022-04-01, 163 (4): 156. Bibcode:2022AJ....163..156M. ISSN 0004-6256. arXiv:2110.09531 . doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac511d .
^ Rizzuto, Aaron C.; Newton, Elisabeth R.; Mann, Andrew W.; Tofflemire, Benjamin M.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Kraus, Adam L.; Wood, Mackenna L.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Zhou, George; Thao, Pa Chia; Law, Nicholas M.; Ziegler, Carl; Briceño, César. TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME). II. A 17 Myr Old Transiting Hot Jupiter in the Sco-Cen Association. The Astronomical Journal. 2020-07-01, 160 (1): 33. Bibcode:2020AJ....160...33R. ISSN 0004-6256. arXiv:2005.00013 . doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab94b7 .
^ Keppler, M.; Benisty, M.; Müller, A.; Henning, Th.; van Boekel, R.; Cantalloube, F.; Ginski, C.; van Holstein, R. G.; Maire, A. -L.; Pohl, A.; Samland, M.; Avenhaus, H.; Baudino, J. -L.; Boccaletti, A.; de Boer, J. Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2018-09-01, 617: A44. Bibcode:2018A&A...617A..44K. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:1806.11568 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832957 .

[melnik-1] Melnik, A. M.; Dambis, A. K. Distance scale for high-luminosity stars in OB associations and in field with Gaia DR2. Spurious systematic motions. Astrophysics and Space Science. 2020, 365 (7): 112. Bibcode:2020Ap&SS.365..112M. S2CID 220128144. arXiv:2006.14649 . doi:10.1007/s10509-020-03827-0.

[mnras416_3108-2] Rizzuto, Aaron; Ireland, Michael; Robertson, J. G., Multidimensional Bayesian membership analysis of the Sco OB2 moving group, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, October 2011, 416 (4): 3108–17, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.416.3108R, S2CID 54510608, arXiv:1106.2857 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19256.x.

[Pecaut-3] Mark J. Pecaut; Eric E. Mamajek & Eric J. Bubar. A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and the Star Formation History among the F-type Members of the Scorpius–Centaurus OB Association. Astrophysical Journal. February 2012, 746 (2): 154. Bibcode:2012ApJ...746..154P. S2CID 118461108. arXiv:1112.1695 . doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/154.

[Preibisch2009-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Preibisch, T.; Mamajek, E. The Nearest OB Association: Scorpius-Centaurus (Sco OB2). Handbook of Star-Forming Regions. 2009, 2: 0. Bibcode:2008hsf2.book..235P. arXiv:0809.0407 .

[5] Preibisch, T.; et al. Exploring the Full Stellar Population of the Upper Scorpius OB Association. Astronomical Journal. 2002, 124 (1): 404–416. Bibcode:2002AJ....124..404P. doi:10.1086/341174 .

[6] Mamajek, E.E.; Meyer, M.R. & Liebert, James. Post-T Tauri Stars in the Nearest OB Association. Astronomical Journal. 2002, 124 (3): 1670–1694. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.1670M. S2CID 16855894. arXiv:astro-ph/0205417 . doi:10.1086/341952.

[7] Madsen, S.; et al. Astrometric radial velocities. III. Hipparcos measurements of nearby star clusters and associations. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2002, 381 (2): 446–463. Bibcode:2002A&A...381..446M. S2CID 17596452. arXiv:astro-ph/0110617 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011458.

[8] Geus, E.J. Interaction of Stars and Interstellar Matter in Scorpio Centaurus. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1992, 262: 258–270. Bibcode:1992A&A...262..258D.

[LudwigBishop2016-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Ludwig, Peter; et al. Time-resolved 2-million-year-old supernova activity discovered in Earth's microfossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016, 113 (33): 9232–9237. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.9232L. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4995991 . PMID 27503888. arXiv:1710.09573 . doi:10.1073/pnas.1601040113 .

[10] Fields, Brian D.; Hochmuth, Kathrin A.; Ellis, John. Deep-Ocean Crusts as Telescopes: Using Live Radioisotopes to Probe Supernova Nucleosynthesis. Astrophys. J. 2005, 621 (2): 902–07. Bibcode:2005ApJ...621..902F. S2CID 17932224. arXiv:astro-ph/0410525 . doi:10.1086/427797.

[11] Benítez, N.; Maíz-Apellániz, J.; Canelles M. Evidence for nearby supernova explosions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 88 (8): 081101. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88h1101B. PMID 11863949. S2CID 41229823. arXiv:astro-ph/0201018 . doi:10.1103/physrevlett.88.081101.

[12] Cockell, CS. Crises and extinction in the fossil record—A role for ultraviolet radiation?. Paleobiology. 1999, 25 (2): 212–225. S2CID 132108580. doi:10.1017/S0094837300026518.

[Interstellar_Iron-13] Koll, D.; et., al. Interstellar 60Fe in Antarctica. Physical Review Letters. 2019, 123 (7): 072701. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.123g2701K. PMID 31491090. S2CID 201868513. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.072701.

[eso2120-14] ESO telescopes help uncover largest group of rogue planets yet. European Southern Observatory. 22 December 2021 [22 December 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-25）. See also attached research paper （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

[15] Planetary Systems. exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. [2022-09-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-22）. as of September 2022

[16] Mann, Andrew W.; Newton, Elisabeth R.; Rizzuto, Aaron C.; Irwin, Jonathan; Feiden, Gregory A.; Gaidos, Eric; Mace, Gregory N.; Kraus, Adam L.; James, David J.; Ansdell, Megan; Charbonneau, David; Covey, Kevin R.; Ireland, Michael J.; Jaffe, Daniel T.; Johnson, Marshall C. Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT). III. A Short-period Planet Orbiting a Pre-main-sequence Star in the Upper Scorpius OB Association. The Astronomical Journal. 2016-09-01, 152 (3): 61 [2023-05-09]. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...61M. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 6552081. arXiv:1604.06165 . doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/61. （原始内容存档于2023-03-07）.

[17] Mann, Andrew W.; Wood, Mackenna L.; Schmidt, Stephen P.; Barber, Madyson G.; Owen, James E.; Tofflemire, Benjamin M.; Newton, Elisabeth R.; Mamajek, Eric E.; Bush, Jonathan L.; Mace, Gregory N.; Kraus, Adam L.; Thao, Pa Chia; Vanderburg, Andrew; Llama, Joe; Johns-Krull, Christopher M. TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME). VI. An 11 Myr Giant Planet Transiting a Very-low-mass Star in Lower Centaurus Crux. The Astronomical Journal. 2022-04-01, 163 (4): 156. Bibcode:2022AJ....163..156M. ISSN 0004-6256. arXiv:2110.09531 . doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac511d .

[18] Rizzuto, Aaron C.; Newton, Elisabeth R.; Mann, Andrew W.; Tofflemire, Benjamin M.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Kraus, Adam L.; Wood, Mackenna L.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Zhou, George; Thao, Pa Chia; Law, Nicholas M.; Ziegler, Carl; Briceño, César. TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME). II. A 17 Myr Old Transiting Hot Jupiter in the Sco-Cen Association. The Astronomical Journal. 2020-07-01, 160 (1): 33. Bibcode:2020AJ....160...33R. ISSN 0004-6256. arXiv:2005.00013 . doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab94b7 .

[19] Keppler, M.; Benisty, M.; Müller, A.; Henning, Th.; van Boekel, R.; Cantalloube, F.; Ginski, C.; van Holstein, R. G.; Maire, A. -L.; Pohl, A.; Samland, M.; Avenhaus, H.; Baudino, J. -L.; Boccaletti, A.; de Boer, J. Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2018-09-01, 617: A44. Bibcode:2018A&A...617A..44K. ISSN 0004-6361. arXiv:1806.11568 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832957 .

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天蠍-半人馬星協

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參考資料

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