希腊-弗里吉亚语

希腊-弗里吉亚语族
希腊-弗里吉亚语族
Greco-Phrygian
（提议中）
地理分佈	巴尔干半岛南部、安纳托利亚和塞浦路斯
谱系学分类	印欧语系希腊-弗里吉亚语族;
原始語言	原始希腊-弗里吉亚语
分支	希腊语族弗里吉亚语†
	–
Glottolog	grae1234

希腊-弗里吉亚语族是印欧语系假定的次级分类，包含希腊语族和弗里吉亚语。

主流观点一般认为希腊语是弗里吉亚语关系最近的亲属，支持者有Brixhe、Neumann、Matzinger、Woodhouse、Ligorio、Lubotsky和Obrador-Cursach。此外，Obrador Cursach收集的36条共同创新证据中，弗里吉亚语和希腊语共享34个，其中22个是它们独有的。最近50年来，弗里吉亚语学界发展出了希腊-弗里吉亚语假说，认为希腊语和弗里吉亚语有共同祖先。如果弗里吉亚语的语料能再多些，这种语言应该能被构拟出来。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

证据

语言学家Claude Brixhe指出下列希腊语和弗里吉亚语共享且特有的特征：^[2]

以-s结尾的阳性名词主格单数自成一类
派生自名词的动词自成一类
代词auto-
分词后缀-meno-
词根kako-
连词ai

Obrador-Cursach (2019)给出了语音学、形态学和词汇学证据以支持希腊语和弗里吉亚语间的紧密关系，并附以弗里吉亚语、希腊语、亚美尼亚语、阿尔巴尼亚语和印度-伊朗语族的共同创新。^[8]

语音
弗里吉亚语特征	希腊	亚美尼亚	阿尔巴尼亚	印度-伊朗
颚音	+	-	-	-
CRh₃C > CRōC	+	-	-	-
/s/失落	+	+	+	-
词首增元音	+	+	+	-
*-ih₂ > -iya	+	-	+	-
*ki̯- > s-	+	-	-	-
*-m > -n	+	+	?	-
*M > T	-	+	-	-

形态^[a]
弗里吉亚语特征	希腊	亚美尼亚	阿尔巴尼亚	印度-伊朗
条件的ai	+	-	-	-
e增音	+	+	+	+
e-指示词	+	-	-	-
*-eh₂-s 阳性	+	-	-	-
t-扩大	+	-	-	-
-e-yo-中的动词	+	-	-	-
-o-yo-中的动词	+	-	-	-
*-d^hn̥	+	-	-	-
*d^hh₁s-ó-	+	-	-	-
-eu̯-/-ēu̯-	+	-	-	-
*g^u̯her-mo-	+	+	+	-
*g^u̯neh₂-ik-	+	+	-	-
*h₂eu̯-to-	+	-	+	-
*h₃nh₃-mn-	+	+	-	-
*méǵh₂-s	+	-	-	-
*meh₁	+	+	+	+
*-mh₁no-	+	-	-	-
ni(y)/νι	+	-	-	-
*-(t)or	-	?	-	-
-toy/-τοι	+	-	-	+

^ 高亮部分表示无法排除借词。

词汇^[a]
弗里吉亚语特征	希腊	亚美尼亚	阿尔巴尼亚	印度-伊朗
b^hoh₂-t-/b^heh₂-t-	+	-	-	-
*(h₁)en-mén-	+	-	-	-
*ǵ^hl̥h₃-ró-	+	-	-	-
kako-	+	-	-	-
ken-	+	+	-	-
*koru̯-	+	-	-	-
*mōro-	+	-	-	-
*sleh₂g^u̯-	+	-	-	-

^ 高亮部分表示无法排除借词。

其他假设

希腊语也曾被与亚美尼亚语和印度-伊朗语族(希腊-亚美尼亚语族、希腊-伊朗语族)、古马其顿语(希腊语族)、晚些时候和梅萨比语被划在一起。希腊语和古马其顿语最常组成希腊语族；其他时候古马其顿语被视作是希腊语方言，这时候希腊语族只包括希腊语方言。语言学家瓦茨拉夫·布拉热科（英语：Václav Blažek）认为，就这些语言的系属分类而言，“语料中的词汇尚不足以支持定量分析”(参见语料库语言学和定量比较语言学（英语：Quantitative comparative linguistics）)。^[9]

脚注

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Graeco-Phrygian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Brixhe, Claude. Phrygian. Woodard, Roger D (编). The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 72. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. "Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek."
^ Woodhouse 2009，第171頁:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.
^ Ligorio & Lubotsky (2018)，第1816頁: "Phrygian is most closely related to Greek. The two languages share a few unique innovations [...] It is therefore very likely that both languages emerged from a single language, which was spoken in the Balkans at the end of the third millennium BCE.
^ Obrador-Cursach 2018，第102頁:Furthermore, if Phrygian were not so-poorly attested perhaps we could reconstruct a Proto-Greco-Phrygian stage of both languages.
^ Obrador-Cursach 2020，第238–239頁:To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:…The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44).
^ Obrador-Cursach 2020，第243頁:With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek. This is not a surprising conclusion: ancient sources and modern scholars agree that Phrygians did not live far from Greece in pre-historic times. Moreover, the last half century of scientific study of Phrygian has approached both languages and developed the hypothesis of a Proto-Greco-Phrygian language, to the detriment to other theories like Phrygio-Armenian or Thraco-Phrygian.
^ Obrador-Cursach 2020，第234–238頁.
^ Blažek, Václav. On the internal classification of Indo-European languages: survey (PDF). Linguistica Online. November 2005: 6. ISSN 1801-5336.

参考书目

Ligorio, Orsat; Lubotsky, Alexander. Phrygian. Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (编). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. HSK 41.3. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. 2018: 1816–1831. ISBN 9783110542431. S2CID 242082908. doi:10.1515/9783110542431-022. hdl:1887/63481.
Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions (PDF). University of Barcelona – Faculty of Philology – Department of Classical, Romance and Semitic Philology. 2018.
Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu. On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages. Journal of Language Relationship. 2020, 17 (3–4): 233–245. S2CID 215769896. doi:10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407 .
Woodhouse, Robert. An overview of research on Phrygian from the nineteenth century to the present day. Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis. 2009, 126 (1): 167–188. ISSN 2083-4624. doi:10.2478/v10148-010-0013-x .

延伸阅读

Anfosso, Milena. Anatolie: de l'époque archaïque à Byzance. Actes de la journée doctorale organisée à l'université de Paris-Sorbonne dirigée par Anaïs Lamesa, Giusto Traina. Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 22. Besançon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté: 37–66. 2021. ISSN 2108-1433. doi:10.3917/dha.hs22.003 （法语）.
Blažek, Václav. Paleo-Balkanian Languages I: Hellenic Languages (PDF). Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity 10. Brno: Masarykova univerzita: 15–33. 2005. ISBN 80-210-3784-9.
Brixhe, Claude. Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire. Adams, J. N.; Janse, Mark (编). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text. Oxford University Press. 2002: 246–266.
Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction 2nd. Blackwell. 2011: 203, 252.
Masson, Olivier. Anatolian Languages. Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S. (编). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1991: 668–9.
Woudhuizen, Fred C. Phrygian & Greek (PDF). Talanta, Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society 40–41: 181–217. 2008–2009. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于7 April 2014）.

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[9] 高亮部分表示无法排除借词。

[10] 高亮部分表示无法排除借词。

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Graeco-Phrygian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Brixhe, Claude. Phrygian. Woodard, Roger D (编). The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. 2008: 72. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. "Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek."

[FOOTNOTEWoodhouse2009171-3] Woodhouse 2009，第171頁:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.

[FOOTNOTELigorioLubotsky20181816-4] Ligorio & Lubotsky (2018)，第1816頁: "Phrygian is most closely related to Greek. The two languages share a few unique innovations [...] It is therefore very likely that both languages emerged from a single language, which was spoken in the Balkans at the end of the third millennium BCE.

[FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2018102-5] Obrador-Cursach 2018，第102頁:Furthermore, if Phrygian were not so-poorly attested perhaps we could reconstruct a Proto-Greco-Phrygian stage of both languages.

[FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020238–239-6] Obrador-Cursach 2020，第238–239頁:To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:…The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44).

[FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020243-7] Obrador-Cursach 2020，第243頁:With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek. This is not a surprising conclusion: ancient sources and modern scholars agree that Phrygians did not live far from Greece in pre-historic times. Moreover, the last half century of scientific study of Phrygian has approached both languages and developed the hypothesis of a Proto-Greco-Phrygian language, to the detriment to other theories like Phrygio-Armenian or Thraco-Phrygian.

[FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020234–238-8] Obrador-Cursach 2020，第234–238頁.

[11] Blažek, Václav. On the internal classification of Indo-European languages: survey (PDF). Linguistica Online. November 2005: 6. ISSN 1801-5336.

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希腊-弗里吉亚语

证据

其他假设

脚注

参考书目

延伸阅读

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