阿罗(Arrow)等人认为,对于农业社会(清洁)向工业经济(污染密集)再向服务经济(清洁)的转型,如果污染最终由于收入和人民总体消费水平的提高而再次恶化,则这种污染-收入关系的进步模型可能是错误的。[26]该模型的一个问题点是缺乏预见能力,因为下一阶段的经济发展特征高度不确定。苏里(Suri)和查普曼(Chapman)认为,环境库兹涅茨曲线在全球范围内不适用,因为在全球范围内可能实际上并未实现净污染减少。富裕国家倾向于将污染最大的活动——如服装和家具的制造——出口到仍在工业发展过程中的较贫穷国家(Suri和Chapman,1998)。这可能意味着,随着世界上贫穷国家的发展,它们将无处可出口污染。因此,伴随着经济增长而发生的这种环境清洁进程无法无限地复制,因为可能没有地方可以出口废物和污染密集的生产过程。但是,最早在经济增长、环境清洁和库兹涅茨曲线之间建立关联的作者吉恩·格罗斯曼(Gene Grossman)和艾伦·克鲁格(Alan B. Krueger)得出的结论是,“没有证据表明环境质量随着经济增长而稳定下降。”[25]
^Roberts, J.T.; Thanos, N.D., Trouble in Paradise: Globalization and Environmental Crises in Latin America, Routledge: London & New York: xiv, 2003
^ 8.08.1Kuznets, Simon. 1955. Economic Growth and Income Inequality. American Economic Review 45 (March): 1–28.
^Fields G. Distribution and Development, A New Look at the Developing World. Russel Sage Foundation, New York, and The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London. 2001.
^Shafik, Nemat. 1994. Economic development and environmental quality: an econometric analysis. Oxford Economic Papers 46 (October): 757–773
^Grossman, G. M.; Krueger, A. B. Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3914, NBER. 1991. doi:10.3386/w3914.
^Yasin, Iftikhar; Ahmad, Nawaz; Chaudhary, M. Aslam. Catechizing the Environmental-Impression of Urbanization, Financial Development, and Political Institutions: A Circumstance of Ecological Footprints in 110 Developed and Less-Developed Countries. Social Indicators Research. 2019-07-22. ISSN 0303-8300. doi:10.1007/s11205-019-02163-3(英语).
^Returning forests analyzed with the forest identity (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 2006, by Pekka E. Kauppi (Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki), Jesse H. Ausubel (Program for the Human Environment, The Rockefeller University), Jingyun Fang (Department of Ecology, Peking University), Alexander S. Mather (Department of Geography and Environment, University of Aberdeen), Roger A. Sedjo (Resources for the Future), and Paul E. Waggoner (Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station)
^David I. Stern. The Environmental Kuznets Curve(PDF). International Society for Ecological Economics Internet Encyclopedia of Ecological Economics. [17 March 2019]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于20 July 2011).
参考书目
Brenner, Y.S., Hartmut Kaelble, and Mark Thomas (1991): Income Distribution in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Fields G. Distribution and Development, A New Look at the Developing World. Russel Sage Foundation, New York, and The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London. 2001.
Grossman, G. M.; Krueger, A. B. Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 3914, NBER. 1991. doi:10.3386/w3914.
Harbaugh, B.; Levinson, A.; Wilson, D. Reexamining the Empirical Evidence for an Environmental Kuznets Curve. Review of Economics and Statistics. 2002, 84 (3): 541–551. Bibcode:10.1.1.306.8101请检查|bibcode=值 (帮助). doi:10.1162/003465302320259538.
Syed, Munir Khasru; Mohammad, Muaz Jalil. Revisiting Kuznets Hypothesis: An Analysis with Time Series and Panel Data. Bangladesh Development Studies. 2004, 30 (3–4): 89–112. JSTOR 40795695.
Palma, JG. Homogeneous middles vs. heterogeneous tails, and the end of the 'Inverted-U': it's all about the share of the rich. Development and Change. 2011, 42: 87–153. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01694.x.
Shafik, N., "Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis", Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, Vol. 46, Special Issue on Environmental Economics (Oct., 1994), pp. 757–773.