托斯腾·哈格斯特朗

托斯腾·哈格斯特朗
Torsten Hägerstrand
托斯腾·哈格斯特朗; Torsten Hägerstrand
出生	1916年10月11日; 瑞典穆海达（英语：Moheda）
逝世	2004年5月4日（87歲）; 瑞典隆德
国籍	瑞典
公民权	瑞典
母校	隆德大学
知名于	時間地理學; 人口遷徙; 文化扩散
奖项	瓦特林·路德国际地理学奖; 美国地理学家协会杰出成就奖; 维多利亚勋章（1979）
	科学生涯
研究领域	地理学
机构	隆德大学

托斯腾·哈格斯特朗（瑞典語：Torsten Hägerstrand，1916年10月11日—2004年5月3日）是一名瑞典地理學家。他以移民、文化传播和時間地理學方面的成就而闻名。

哈格斯特朗是瑞典本地人，是隆德大学的地理学教授（退休后是是名誉教授），并于1953年获得博士学位。他的博士研究是关于文化传播。其研究帮助瑞典，特别是隆德，成为文化地理学创新工作的主要中心。^[1]他还通过他的学生影响了瑞典的空间规划实践。^[2]

早期生活

哈格斯特朗的父亲是一所偏远小学的老师，一家人住在学校里。哈格斯特朗回忆说，他的早期教育是基于瑞士教育家约翰·裴斯泰洛齐的教学理念。哈格斯特朗的几个学生推测，他的整体观和远见卓识源于他早年的教育：^[3]

他在家中，家里按照当时介绍的裴斯泰洛齐传统，教他当地地理、历史和民间传说。制图学、地质学、植物学和农学都是更整体地理解空间区域内过程中相互关联的部分。首先，孩子们了解他们周围的环境（例如教室和农场），然后了解村庄，再逐渐了解整个地区。作为哈格斯特朗的学生，我很容易认识到这一传统的一部分，它后来成为我们今天所说的“一体视角”。^[2]

学术生涯

哈格斯特朗于1937年进入隆德大学。他在1953年完成的博士论文《作为空间过程的创新扩散》（Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process）因在人口发展中创造性地使用蒙特卡罗模拟而闻名。^[4]它展示了如何在个体的空间尺度以及大型空间集合体上使用空间过程的动态增量模拟。四十年后，地理学家Andrew Cliff评论了哈格斯特朗方法的远见：“须知本书所依据的大部分研究都可以追溯到几乎没有计算机的时代，更不用说为地理学家所用了，如今重度依赖算力的模拟法在当时就已被想到，实属非凡。”^[5]

哈格斯特朗的研究有赖于隆德大学的发展，特别是瑞典第一台计算机之一Siffermaskinen i Lund（SMIL）的建立。^[6]哈格斯特朗指出，瑞典计算机科学家Carl-Erik Fröberg是哈格斯特朗的“中学以来的同学”^[6]，在Fröberg等瑞典青年科学家前往美国的一次旅行之后，他向哈格斯特朗介绍了蒙特卡罗方法，该方法确定了其博士论文的思路。是次旅行是由瑞典政府资助，瑞典希望借此建造自己的计算机的项目。^[6]

1969年，在丹麦哥本哈根举行的区域科学协会欧洲大会上，他作了题为《区域科学中的人呢？》（What about People in Regional Science?）的报告。^[7]会议报告的论文于1970年正式发表，成为時間地理學的开山之作。论文提出了两个概念：

需要研究个体以了解社会和群体实践。当前，现代文化地理学家通常基于个体来研究日常实践，以了解更大尺度的格局。仅关注群体的研究会将现实视为同质，导致掩盖真相。
空间和时间在过往研究中未能很好地同时予以考虑。从历史上看，社会科学家认为时间和空间特征相关，但将其作为外部因素处理。哈格斯特朗早期关于创新扩散的研究（研究新技术的地理传播）使他意识到，两者虽然分开，但并非相互独立；二者之间有法国理论家亨利·列斐伏尔所说的辩证关系。

遗产

哈格斯特朗最初的工作主要是定量的，这点很重要，因为当他在1942年发表他的第一篇论文时，地理学还是一个高度描述性的学科。^[8]在1950年代，他是为统计原始数据进行地址编码的先驱。^[9]他设计了一些模型和统计技术，例如时空立方体和时空棱柱，在之后的地理信息系统开发中，这些技术对运动数据的处理和可视化至关重要。^[10]他的作品启发了Allan Pred和Nigel Thrift等人，他们帮助将这些技术带到了英语世界。^[11]

哈格斯特朗的工作帮助将人文主义思想引入了地理学，从而促进了批判地理學的发展。^[12]虽然他的早期作品主要是定量的，但哈格斯特朗的后期作品更加关注思想体现和情感的概念。^[13]尽管如此，他的方法还是受到了女性主义地理学（英语：Feminist geography）家吉莉恩·罗斯（英语：Gillian Rose）的批评，她声称这种模型展示了一种男性气质的、错误的世界观。^[14]不过，后来的地理学家也试图将时间地理学与女性主义地理学的定性研究和情感現象學结合起来。^[15]

哈格斯特朗的研究继续成为非表征理论（英语：Non-representational theory）基础的一部分，新一代社会科学家^[16]和生物学家^[17]对他的工作进行了重新评价，这意味着他至今仍是一位有影响力的思想家。2005年，Nigel Thrift总结了哈格斯特朗的时间地理学对当代社会科学的五个贡献：

首先，它提供了一种具象性的感觉，一种“它在那里”（thereness）的力量，而且其实现方式——视觉表达——至今仍是极少数社会理论家的专利。所有这些错综复杂的图表，部分是对事件进行的语用学，这个主题，例如在德勒兹等作者的作品中，现已成为社会科学和人文学科的时尚，但在哈格斯特朗工作时，往往仅限于哲学领域，只有社会互动论者和民族方法学家的是例外，但他们中除了相对较小的爱好者圈子之外，对此的理解非常片面。其次，哈格斯特朗的作品是对涂尔干的“空间和时间是既源自社会，又施加在社会上的社会范畴、社会集体表征”这一思想的攻击。[……]时间地理学强调，人类行为受到物理制约，制约构建起更大的机会网络，各机会之间相互竞争从而控制局面的发展，这使得超越社会建构主义成为可能。[……]第三，也是直接相关的一点，那些时间地理学图表也有其他贡献。它们从根本上减少了人类与其他物体之间的区别。它们提供了一种世界呈现方式的中立性，甚至是描述方式的民主性。[……]第四，哈格斯特朗的作品支持一种地理伦理，它以明智利用空间和时间为中心。尽管哈格斯特朗常以经济隐喻来描述使用空间和时间的智慧，但我相信他表达的是更广泛、更包罗的东西，在我看来，这是值得牢牢把握的，是一种基本维度的民主气质，是使用空间和时间的欢宴。第五，哈格斯特朗提供了一种可以以不同方式记录世界的语言。也许看待哈格斯特朗作品的一种方式是视之为用一种许多人都能理解的语言说“你好”：绘画是一种视觉世界语。^[18]

荣誉

哈格斯特朗获得了卑尔根大学、挪威经济与工商管理学院、挪威科技大学、布里斯托尔大学、爱丁堡大学、格拉斯哥大學和俄亥俄州立大学的荣誉博士学位。俄亥俄州立大学荣誉学位附带的表彰指出，“他在1950年代和1960年代开展的创新传播工作，继续被引用为衡量当下研究的标准”，并且“这位杰出的个人......启发了世界各地的一代学者。”

他是瑞典皇家科学院、瑞典皇家文学院（英语：Royal Swedish Academy of Letters）、瑞典皇家工程科学院、挪威科学与文学院、芬兰科学院、美国文理科学院的成员，是英國國家學術院的通讯院士、法國地理學會会员。他也是欧洲科学院的创始成员之一。

1968年，哈格斯特朗教授获得了美國地理學協會的Charles P. Daly奖章，并于1968年获得了美国地理学家协会颁发的杰出成就奖。1979年，他获得了皇家地理学会颁发的维多利亚奖章。

1992 年，托斯腾·哈格斯特朗获得了地理学的最高奖项：瓦特林·路德国际地理学奖。

主要著作

Hägerstrand, Torsten. The propagation of innovation waves. Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 4. Lund: Royal University of Lund, Dept. of Geography. 1952. OCLC 254752.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. Statistiska primäruppgifter, flygkartering och "data processing"-maskiner: ett kombineringsprojekt. Svensk Geografisk Årsbok. 1955, (31): 233–255 （瑞典语）.
Hannerberg, David; Hägerstrand, Torsten (编). Migration in Sweden: a symposium. Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 13. Lund: CWK Gleerup. 1957. OCLC 170619.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. Innovation diffusion as a spatial process [Innovationsförloppet ur korologisk synpunkt]. Postscript and translation by Allan Pred; Translated with the assistance of Greta Haag. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1967a [1953]. OCLC 536383.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. The computer and the geographer. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 1967b, (42): 1–19. JSTOR 621369. doi:10.2307/621369.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. What about people in regional science?. Papers of the Regional Science Association. 1970, 24 (1): 6–21. S2CID 198174673. doi:10.1007/BF01936872.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. On the definition of migration. Rapporter och notiser, 9. Scandinavian population studies. Lund: Lunds universitets kulturgeografiska institution. 1973. OCLC 185647319.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. The domain of human geography. Chorley, Richard J (编). Directions in geography. London: Methuen. 1973: 67–87. ISBN 978-0416608304. OCLC 789168.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. Ecology under one perspective. Bylund, Erik; Linderholm, Håkan; Rune, Olof (编). Ecological problems of the circumpolar area: papers from the international symposium at Luleå, Sweden, June 28–29, 1971. Luleå: Norrbottens Museum. 1974: 271–276. OCLC 3035384.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. The impact of transport on the quality of life. Rapporter och notiser, 13. Lund: Lunds universitets kulturgeografiska institution. 1974. OCLC 185647393.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. Space, time and human conditions. Karlqvist, Anders; Lundqvist, Lars; Snickars, Folke (编). Dynamic allocation of urban space. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 1975: 3–14. ISBN 978-0347010528. OCLC 1364735.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. Geography and the study of interaction between nature and society. Geoforum. 1976, 7 (5–6): 329–334. doi:10.1016/0016-7185(76)90063-4.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. Survival and arena: on the life-history of individuals in relation to their geographical environment. Carlstein, Tommy; Parkes, Don; Thrift, Nigel J (编). Human activity and time geography. Timing space and spacing time 2. New York: Wiley. 1978: 122–143. ISBN 978-0713159899. OCLC 4935024.
Buttimer, Anne; Hägerstrand, Torsten. Invitation to dialogue: a progress report. DIA paper, 1. Lund: University of Lund. 1980. OCLC 8534714.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. Diorama, path and project. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. 1982, 73 (6): 323–339. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1982.tb01647.x.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. In search for the sources of concepts. Buttimer, Anne (编). The practice of geography. London; New York: Longman. 1983: 238–256. ISBN 978-0582300873. OCLC 8629687.
Hägerstrand, Torsten (编). The identification of progress in learning. European Science Foundation; International Colloquium on the Identification of Progress in Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985. ISBN 978-0521300872. OCLC 10924966.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. Time geography: focus on the corporeality of man, society and environment. Aida, Shūhei (编). The science and praxis of complexity: contributions to the symposium held at Montpellier, France, 9–11 May, 1984. Tokyo: United Nations University Press. 1985: 193–216. ISBN 9789280805604. OCLC 13025296.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. Om tidens vidd och tingens ordning. A selection of Professor Hägerstrand's 300-odd scholarly essays, articles, lectures, and papers, edited by Gösta Carlestam and Barbro Sollbe. Stockholm: Byggforskningsrådet. 1991. ISBN 978-9154053636. OCLC 29548202 （瑞典语）.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. The global and the local. Svedin, Uno; Aniansson, Britt Hägerhäll (编). Society and the environment: a Swedish research perspective. Ecology, economy & environment, 2. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1992: 13–21. ISBN 978-0792317968. OCLC 25788428.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. Action in the physical everyday world. Haggett, Peter; Cliff, Andrew (编). Diffusing geography: essays for Peter Haggett. The Institute of British Geographers special publications series, 31. Oxford; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. 1995: 35–45. ISBN 978-0631195344. OCLC 30895028.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. A look at the political geography of environmental management. Buttimer, Anne (编). Sustainable landscapes and lifeways: scale and appropriateness. Sterling, VA: Cork University Press. 2001: 35–58 [1995]. ISBN 978-1859183007. OCLC 45879916.
Hägerstrand, Torsten; Carlstein, Tommy. The two vistas. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. December 2004, 86 (4): 315–323. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00170.x.
Hägerstrand, Torsten. Tillvaroväven. Edited by Kajsa Ellegård and Uno Svedin, with a bibliography by Bo Lenntorp. Stockholm: Forskningsrådet Formas. 2009. ISBN 978-9154060337. OCLC 456875435 （瑞典语）.

参见

時間地理學

参考文献

^ Buttimer & Mels 2006
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Öberg 2005
^ Öberg 2005; Pred 2005
^ Hägerstrand 1967a; Morrill 2005; Lenntorp 2008
^ Cliff, Pred & Hägerstrand 1992
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Brauer & Dymitrow 2017
^ Hägerstrand 1970
^ Hubbard et al. 2002
^ Aase 2004
^ For example: Miller 1991; Kwan 2004; Kraak 2008; Yu & Shaw 2008; Wilson 2008; Kenett & Portugali 2012; Long & Nelson 2012
^ Thrift 1977; Pred 1977; Pred 1981
^ Christiaan van Paassen, The philosophy of geography: from Vidal to Hägerstrand, in Pred 1981
^ Hägerstrand 1983; Hubbard et al. 2002
^ Rose 1993
^ For example: Kwan 2002; Kwan 2007; Kwan & Ding 2008; McQuoid & Dijst 2012; Scholten, Friberg & Sandén 2012
^ For example: Ellegård & de Pater 1999; May & Thrift 2001; Latham 2003; Schwanen & Kwan 2009; Ellegård & Palm 2011; Ingold 2011
^ For example: Baer & Butler 2000; Huettmann & Cushman 2009; Downs, Horner & Tucker 2011
^ Thrift 2005

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延伸阅读

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Carlstein, Tommy. Time resources, society, and ecology: on the capacity for human interaction in space and time. London; Boston: Allen & Unwin. 1982. ISBN 978-0043000823. OCLC 7946554. doi:10.4324/9780429329036.
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Lenntorp, Bo. Paths in space-time environments: a timegeographic study of movement possibilities of individuals. Lund studies in geography: Series B, Human geography, 44. Lund: Royal University of Lund, Dept. of Geography. 1976. ISBN 978-9140043764. OCLC 3063593.
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Lenntorp, Bo; Törnqvist, Gunnar; Wärneryd, Olof; Öberg, Sture. Torsten Hägerstrand 1916–2004. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. December 2004, 86 (4): 325–326. S2CID 144276349. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2004.00171.x.
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Pred, Allan. Hägerstrand matters: life(-path) and death matters—some touching remarks. Progress in Human Geography. June 2005, 29 (3): 328–332. S2CID 143094462. doi:10.1177/030913250502900310.
Rose, Courtice G. Reflections on the notion of time incorporated in Hägerstrand's time-geographic model of society. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie. February 1977, 68 (1): 43–50. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1977.tb01465.x.
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