敘利亞伊斯蘭起義

敘利亞伊斯蘭起義
	阿拉伯冷戰的一部分
	; 1982 年哈馬大屠殺後，哈馬老城區被摧毀的部分
日期	1976年5月31日－1982年2月28日; （5年8个月又4周）
地点	敘利亞大馬士革, 哈馬, 阿勒颇, 帕爾米拉,和吉斯爾舒古爾
结果	敘利亞政府勝利起義被鎮壓; 穆斯林兄弟會被取締;
参战方
戰鬥先鋒隊; 穆斯林兄弟會 (1979 年中期以後); 親伊拉克復興黨; 支持:; 伊拉克 (1980–1982); 约旦; 西德	敘利亞; 支持:; 苏联
指挥官与领导者
Marwan Hadid (戰鬥先鋒隊創始人) ; ʽAdnan ʽUqla (戰鬥先鋒隊指揮官)（失蹤）; Sa`id Hawwa; Adnan Saad al-Din ; 阿里·巴亞努尼 ; Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda ;	哈菲兹·阿萨德 (敘利亞總統、總司令); Mustafa Tlass (國防部長); 里法特·阿萨德 (保衛革命旅旅長); Shafiq Fayadh (第3裝甲師師長); Hikmat al-Shihabi (陸軍總參謀長); Ali Haydar (特種部隊指揮官); Ali Duba (軍事情報局局長);

叙利亚伊斯兰起义是1976年至1982年期間由逊尼派伊斯兰主义者發起的反阿薩德政權暴動。他們試圖推翻阿薩德政權並在叙利亚建立伊斯兰共和国。 ^[12]他們在叙利亚各地罢工、抗议。 ^[13] 還有伊斯蘭民兵袭击敘利亞阿拉伯陸軍基地，并暗殺敘利亞复兴党干部、军官、苏联军事顾问和與阿萨德家族密切的人員。 ^[14]^[15]^[10]敘利亞阿拉伯陸軍也對暴動人士展開報復。 ^[16] 為了打擊暴動人士，阿薩德政權發動了哈马大屠杀。 ^[16]^[17]

参考文献

^ Lefèvre 2013，第100–101頁.
^ Conduit 2019，第34頁.
^ Conduit 2019，第35頁.
^ Lefèvre 2013，第110頁.
^ The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood. Cablegate. 26 February 1985 [12 July 2013]. （原始内容存档于8 May 2014）.
^ Milton Edwards, Beverly; Hinchcliffe, Peter. 4: International Relations. Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy. New York, USA: Routledge. 2001: 97. ISBN 0-415-26726-9.
^ Conduit 2019，第138–141頁.
^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 26–31. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1. Another reason for West Germany to oppose Asad [sic] was his involvement in international terrorism, such as the RAF (Baader Meinhof Gang) clique and the "Movement 2nd of June – Tupamaros West Berlin"... West Germany, as an ally in the anti-Soviet camp, had a reason to support the Brotherhood in Syria and to provide them a safe exile in Germany as a place from where they could continue their attempts to overthrow Asad [sic], in order to weaken the Soviet bloc... Three ways how West Germany supported the Syrian Brotherhood.. It provided asylum and a save haven from where the exile-brotherhood could organise its struggle against Asad [sic], it protected them against attacks of Syrian intelligence, and West German newspapers reported about the Hama incident in a way that supported the aims of the Brotherhood.
^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 3–34. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Like Father, Like Son – Tyranny in Syria, A Massacre in Hama. Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. 11 June 2015. （原始内容存档于16 May 2016）. 引用错误：带有name属性“adst.org”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
^ Timeline: The Syrian revolt. Al Jazeera.
^ Seale (1989).
^ Key events in Syria 1946–2010. Encyclopædia Britannica. （原始内容存档于4 August 2016）.
^ Ismael, Quiades. The Hama Massacre – February 1982. SciencesPo. 22 December 2009. （原始内容存档于3 November 2020）.
^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 23. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1.
^ ^16.0 ^16.1 Lefèvre (2013).
^ Sufism and Sufi Brotherhoods in Syria and Palestine. ou.edu.

Conduit, Dara. The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. Cambridge University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1-108-49977-4.
Carré, Olivier; Michaud, Gérard. Les Frères musulmans: Egypte et Syrie (1928–1982). Paris: Gallimard. 1983.
Lefèvre, Raphaël. Ashes of Hama: the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. New York: Oxford University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0-19-936545-6. OCLC 867049938.
Lefèvre, Raphaël. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’s Alawi Conundrum. The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant. Oxford University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-045811-9.
Seale, Patrick. Asad of Syria: the struggle for the Middle East 1st. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989. ISBN 0-520-06667-7. OCLC 19130614.

[FOOTNOTELefèvre2013100–101-1] Lefèvre 2013，第100–101頁.

[FOOTNOTEConduit201934-2] Conduit 2019，第34頁.

[FOOTNOTEConduit201935-3] Conduit 2019，第35頁.

[FOOTNOTELefèvre2013110-4] Lefèvre 2013，第110頁.

[The_Syrian_Muslim_Brotherhood-5] The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood. Cablegate. 26 February 1985 [12 July 2013]. （原始内容存档于8 May 2014）.

[6] Milton Edwards, Beverly; Hinchcliffe, Peter. 4: International Relations. Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy. New York, USA: Routledge. 2001: 97. ISBN 0-415-26726-9.

[FOOTNOTEConduit2019138–141-7] Conduit 2019，第138–141頁.

[8] Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 26–31. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1. Another reason for West Germany to oppose Asad [sic] was his involvement in international terrorism, such as the RAF (Baader Meinhof Gang) clique and the "Movement 2nd of June – Tupamaros West Berlin"... West Germany, as an ally in the anti-Soviet camp, had a reason to support the Brotherhood in Syria and to provide them a safe exile in Germany as a place from where they could continue their attempts to overthrow Asad [sic], in order to weaken the Soviet bloc... Three ways how West Germany supported the Syrian Brotherhood.. It provided asylum and a save haven from where the exile-brotherhood could organise its struggle against Asad [sic], it protected them against attacks of Syrian intelligence, and West German newspapers reported about the Hama incident in a way that supported the aims of the Brotherhood.

[9] Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 3–34. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1.

[adst.org-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Like Father, Like Son – Tyranny in Syria, A Massacre in Hama. Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. 11 June 2015. （原始内容存档于16 May 2016）. 引用错误：带有name属性“adst.org”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次

[11] Timeline: The Syrian revolt. Al Jazeera.

[FOOTNOTESeale1989-12] Seale (1989).

[13] Key events in Syria 1946–2010. Encyclopædia Britannica. （原始内容存档于4 August 2016）.

[14] Ismael, Quiades. The Hama Massacre – February 1982. SciencesPo. 22 December 2009. （原始内容存档于3 November 2020）.

[15] Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 23. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1.

[FOOTNOTELefèvre2013-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Lefèvre (2013).

[17] Sufism and Sufi Brotherhoods in Syria and Palestine. ou.edu.

[11]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

敘利亞伊斯蘭起義

参考文献

Portal di Ensiklopedia Dunia