數量級 (加速度)

加速度的數量級示例。

米每二次方秒（m/s²）	數量級	參考系	數值	G力 (g)	示例
10^−∞	0 m/s²	慣性	0 m/s²	0 g	重力探測器B的陀螺轉子^[1]
10^−∞	0 m/s²	慣性	≈ 0 m/s²	≈ 0 g	減重力飛機中的失重拋物線
10^{5000000000000000000♠0}	1 m/s²	局部（英语：Laboratory frame of reference）	5×10^-14 m/s²	5×10^-15 g	科學實驗的最小加速度^[2]
		局部	0.25 m/s²	0.026 g	SJ X2列車的加速^{[來源請求]}
		慣性	1.62 m/s²	0.1654 g	站在月球赤道^{[來源請求]}
		局部	4.3 m/s²	0.44 g	使用紳寶9-5汽車在6.4秒內加速到0–100公里/小時^{[來源請求]}
		慣性	9.80665 m/s²	1 g	標準重力，海平面標準地球的重力加速度^[3]
10¹	1 dam/s²	慣性	11.2 m/s²	1.14 g	土星五號發射的月球火箭^{[來源請求]}
		慣性	15.2 m/s²	1.55 g	布加迪威龍在2.4 s內加速到100 km/h（包括重力加速度的淨加速度矢量與水平方向成 40 度）^{[來源請求]})
		慣性	29 m/s²	3 g	航天飛機，發射和再入期間的最大值^{[來源請求]}
		慣性	29 m/s²	3 g	對於人類可持續承受25秒^[3]
		慣性	34 – 62 m/s²	3.5 – 6.3 g	高速過山車^[4]^:340
		局部?	41 m/s²	4.2 g	頂級燃料飆車4.4秒超過1/4英里的世界紀錄^{[來源請求]}
		慣性	49 m/s²	5 g	導致人類迷失方向、頭暈、昏厥的程度^[3]
		局部?	49+ m/s²	5+ g	一級方程式賽車的最大重剎車^{[來源請求]}
		慣性?	51 m/s²	5.2 g	威士拿滑行中心的雪橇運動^{[來源請求]}
		局部	49 – 59 m/s²	5 – 6 g	一級方程式賽車的最大轉彎加速度^[5]
		慣性	59 m/s²	6 g	降落傘正常打開時的峰值^[6]
		慣性	+69 / -49 m/s²	+7 / -5 g	標準、全特技飛行認證滑翔機^{[來源請求]}
		慣性	70.6 m/s²	7.19 g	阿波羅16再入^[7]
		慣性	79 m/s²	8 g	F-16剎止俯衝加速度^{[來源請求]}
		慣性	88 m/s²	9 g	一個受過訓練的穿著G服的人避免G力昏迷保持意識的最大值^{[來源請求]}
		慣性	88 – 118 m/s²	9 – 12 g	特技飛機或戰鬥機的典型最大轉彎加速度^[8]
10^{7000200000000000000♠2}	1 hm/s²	慣性	147 m/s²	15 g	彈射座椅^{[來源請求]}
			177 m/s²	18 g	對人體造成的物理傷害，例如破損毛細管^[3]
			209 m/s²	21.3 g	宇航員在聯盟號 18a中止期間經歷的微弱加速^[9]
			333 m/s²	34 g	星塵樣本返回艙在重返地球時的峰值減速^[10]
			454 m/s²	46.2 g	人類在火箭雪橇上倖存的最大加速度^[3]
			> 491 m/s²	> 50 g	可能重傷死亡^{[來源請求]}
			982 m/s²	100 g	衝刺導彈^[11]
			982 m/s²	100 g	交通碰撞汽車碰撞（100 公里/小時撞牆）^[12]
			> 982 m/s²	> 100 g	歷史上幾名賽車手經受了超過100G的衝擊，但沒有受到嚴重傷害。^[13]
			982 m/s²	100 g	大多數人的致命極限^{[來源請求]}
10^{7000300000000000000♠3}	1 km/s²	慣性 ≈ 局部	1540 m/s²	157 g	火箭雪橇的最快運行峰值加速度^[14]
			1964 m/s²	200 g	重0.6公斤3.5"硬盤非工作衝擊耐受2毫秒^[15]
			2098 m/s²	214 g	人類暴露和倖存下來的最高重力加速度（Kenny Bräck（英语：Kenny Bräck）2003Chevy 500（英语：DXC Technology 600）車禍經歷的最大減速）^[16]-->^[17]
			2256 m/s²	230 g	伽利略號探測器下降到木星大氣層期間的峰值加速度^[18]
			2490 m/s²	254 g	2014年世界一級方程式錦標賽儒勒·比安奇Marussia MR03（英语：Marussia MR03）的峰值減速^[19]
			2946 m/s²	300 g	足球被腳擊中^{[來源請求]}
			3200 m/s²	320 g	跳躍的人蚤^[20]
			3800 m/s²	380 g	跳躍的click beetle（英语：click beetle）^[21]
			4944 m/s²	504 g	洗衣機的衣服，幹紡期間（46厘米滾筒/1400rpm）
10^{7000400000000000000♠4}	10 km/s²		11 768 m/s²	1200 g	啄木鳥頭部減速^[22]
			17 680 m/s²	1800 g	太空槍，由Quicklaunch提出的1 km槍管長度，初速為6 km/s（假設恆定加速度）
			29460 m/s²	3000 g	棒球棒擊中棒球^[12]
			~33 000 m/s²	3400 g	經認證的飛行記錄器減速耐撞性的標準要求（例如波音737的黑匣子）
			>49 100 m/s²	>5000 g	機械腕錶的抗震能力^[23]
			84 450 m/s²	8600 g	當前一級方程式發動機最大活塞加速度（在轉速限制之前高達 10,000 g）^[24]
10^{7000500000000000000♠5}	100 km/s²		102 000 m/s²	10 400 g	螳螂蝦的攻擊^[25]
			152 210 m/s²	15 500 g	軍用砲彈的內置電子設備抗震能力^[26]
			196 400 m/s²	20 000 g	Pilobolus（英语：Pilobolus）真菌的孢子加速^[27]
			304 420 m/s²	31 000 g	9×19毫米帕拉貝魯姆彈手槍子彈（沿槍管長度平均）^{[來源請求]}-->^[28]
10^{7000600000000000000♠6}	1 Mm/s²		1 000 000 m/s²	100 000 g	trap-jaw ant 的閉合顎^[29]
			1 865 800 m/s²	190 000 g	9×19毫米帕拉貝魯姆彈手槍子彈，頂^{[來源請求]}-->^[30]
			3 800 000 m/s²	390 000 g	白矮星天狼星B的表面重力^[31]
			3 900 000 m/s²	略低於 400 000 g	^[32]
10^{7000700000000000000♠7}	10 Mm/s²		53 000 000 m/s²	5 400 000 g	水母毒刺^[33]
10^{7000900000000000000♠9}	1 Gm/s²		1×10⁹ m/s²	~100 000 000 g	2克的射彈從靜止加速1厘米到5公里/秒創紀錄的線圈槍中射彈的峰值加速度（英语：Coilgun#Potential uses）。^[34]
10^{7001120000000000000♠12}	1 Tm/s²		7×10¹² m/s²	7×10¹¹ g	中子星的最大表面重力^{[來源請求]}
10^{7001120000000000000♠12}	1 Tm/s²		2.1×10¹³ m/s²	2.1×10¹² g	大型強子對撞機中的質子^[35]
10^{7001210000000000000♠21}	1 Zm/s²		9.149×10²¹ m/s²	9.33×10²⁰ g	玻爾模型₁H核子周圍電子的加速度。
10^{7001210000000000000♠21}	1 Zm/s²		176×10²¹ m/s²	1.79×10²² g	1 TV/m 尾流場加速器（英语：wakefield accelerator）的電子^[36]
10^{7001510000000000000♠51}			5.5608×10⁵¹ m/s²	5.5719×10⁵⁰ g	相干性普朗克單位加速度

另見

參考

^ Stanford University: Gravity Probe B, Payload & Spacecraft （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, and NASA: Investigation of Drag-Free Control Technology for Earth Science Constellation Missions. The TRIAD 1 satellite was a later, more advanced navigation satellite that was part of the U.S. Navy’s Transit, or NAVSAT system.
^ Gundlach, J. H; Schlamminger, S; Spitzer, C. D; Choi, K. -Y; Woodahl, B. A; Coy, J. J; Fischbach, E. Laboratory Test of Newton's Second Law for Small Accelerations. Physical Review Letters. 2007, 98 (15): 150801 [2022-10-22]. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98o0801G. PMID 17501332. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.150801. （原始内容存档于2022-05-26）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 csel.eng.ohio-state.edu - High Acceleration and the Human Body, Martin Voshell, November 28, 2004 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期August 19, 2014，.
^ George Bibel. Beyond the Black Box: the Forensics of Airplane Crashes. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8018-8631-7.
^ 6 g has been recorded in the 130R turn at Suzuka circuit, Japan. [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Many turns have 5 g peak values, like turn 8 at Istanbul or Eau Rouge at Spa
^ Archived copy. [2014-12-14]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-28）.
^ NASA: SP-368 Biomedical Results of Apollo, Chapter 5: Environmental Factors, Table 2: Apollo Manned Space Flight Reentry G Levels
^ Maxed out: How many gs can you pull?. New Scientist. [2017-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-23）（美国英语）.
^ Hall, Rex; David Shayler. Soyuz, A Universal Spacecraft. Springer Praxis. 2003: 193. ISBN 978-1-85233-657-8.
^ ReVelle, D. O.; Edwards, W. N. Stardust—An artificial, low-velocity "meteor" fall and recovery: 15 January 2006. Meteoritics and Planetary Science. 2007, 42 (2): 271. Bibcode:2007M&PS...42..271R. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb00232.x .
^ Sprint. [2022-10-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-23）.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 tomshardware.co.uk - Hard Drive Shock Tolerance - Hard-Disks - Storage 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2012-06-17., Physics, by O'hanian, 1989, 2007-01-03
^ “Several Indy car drivers have withstood impacts in excess of 100 G without serious injuries.” Dennis F. Shanahan, M.D., M.P.H.: ”Human Tolerance and Crash Survivability ^{[失效連結]}, citing Society of Automotive Engineers. Indy racecar crash analysis. Automotive Engineering International, June 1999, 87–90. And National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: Recording Automotive Crash Event Data 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-04-05.
^ Holloman Air Force Base - Fact Sheet (Printable) : 846 TS HYPERSONIC UPGRADE PROGRAM. [2015-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-17）.
^ wdc.com - Legacy Product Specifications : WD600BB 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-02-27., read 2012-01-11
^ Archived copy. [2013-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-18）.
^ Feel the G's: The Science of Gravity and G-Forces - by Suzanne Slade (page 37)
^ Woodfill, Jerry. What Did Galileo Find at Jupipter?. er.jsc.nasa.gov. NASA. [8 November 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-23）.
^ Formula 1 - Bianchi crash impact was 254g. uk.eurosport.yahoo.com. 23 July 2015. （原始内容存档于23 July 2015）.
^ Evans, M. E. G. The jump of the click beetle (Coleoptera, Elateridae)—a preliminary study. Journal of Zoology. 2009, 167 (3): 319–336. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb03115.x.
^ Archived copy (PDF). [2015-04-19]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）.
^ S-H Yoon; S Park. A mechanical analysis of woodpecker drumming and its application to shock-absorbing systems (PDF). Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 17 January 2011, 6 (1): 12 [10 January 2016]. Bibcode:2011BiBi....6a6003Y. PMID 21245520. S2CID 2510221. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/6/1/016003. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-30）.
^ Omega [2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Ball Watch Technology （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Cosworth V8 engine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ S. N. Patek, W. L. Korff & R. L. Caldwell. Deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp (PDF). Nature. 2004, 428 (6985): 819–820. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..819P. PMID 15103366. S2CID 4324997. doi:10.1038/428819a. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ L-3 Communication's IEC Awarded Contract with Raytheon for Common Air Launched Navigation System. [2016-12-12]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-24）.
^ bu.edu - Rockets in Horse Poop （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 2010-12-10
^ Assuming an 8.04 gram bullet, a muzzle velocity of 350米每秒（1,100英尺每秒）, and a 102 mm barrel.
^ Patek SN, Baio JE, Fisher BL, Suarez AV. Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: Ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 22 August 2006, 103 (34): 12787–12792. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10312787P. PMC 1568925 . PMID 16924120. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604290103 .
^ Assuming an 8.04 gram bullet, a peak pressure of 240 MPa（35,000 psi） and 440 N of friction.
^ Holberg, J. B.; Barstow, M. A.; Bruhweiler, F. C.; Cruise, A. M.; Penny, A. J. Sirius B: A New, More Accurate View. The Astrophysical Journal. 1998, 497 (2): 935–942. Bibcode:1998ApJ...497..935H. doi:10.1086/305489 .
^ Berkeley Physics Course, vol. 1, Mechanics, fig. 4.1 (authors Kittel-Knight-Ruderman, 1973 edition)
^ Tibballs, J; Yanagihara, A. A; Turner, H. C; Winkel, K. Immunological and Toxinological Responses to Jellyfish Stings. Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets. 2011, 10 (5): 438–446. PMC 3773479 . PMID 21824077. doi:10.2174/187152811797200650.
^ K. McKinney and P. Mongeau, "Multiple stage pulsed induction acceleration," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 239-242, March 1984, doi: 10.1109/TMAG.1984.1063089.
^ Calculated from their speed and radius, approximating the LHC as a circle.
^ Rosenzweig, J. B; Andonian, G; Bucksbaum, P; Ferrario, M; Full, S; Fukusawa, A; Hemsing, E; Hidding, B; Hogan, M; Krejcik, P; Muggli, P; Marcus, G; Marinelli, A; Musumeci, P; O'Shea, B; Pellegrini, C; Schiller, D; Travish, G. Teravolt-per-meter beam and plasma fields from low-charge femtosecond electron beams. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 2011, 653 (1): 98. Bibcode:2011NIMPA.653...98R. S2CID 118384500. arXiv:1002.1976 . doi:10.1016/j.nima.2011.01.073.

[1] Stanford University: Gravity Probe B, Payload & Spacecraft （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, and NASA: Investigation of Drag-Free Control Technology for Earth Science Constellation Missions. The TRIAD 1 satellite was a later, more advanced navigation satellite that was part of the U.S. Navy’s Transit, or NAVSAT system.

[2] Gundlach, J. H; Schlamminger, S; Spitzer, C. D; Choi, K. -Y; Woodahl, B. A; Coy, J. J; Fischbach, E. Laboratory Test of Newton's Second Law for Small Accelerations. Physical Review Letters. 2007, 98 (15): 150801 [2022-10-22]. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98o0801G. PMID 17501332. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.150801. （原始内容存档于2022-05-26）.

[ah-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 csel.eng.ohio-state.edu - High Acceleration and the Human Body, Martin Voshell, November 28, 2004 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期August 19, 2014，.

[BBB-4] George Bibel. Beyond the Black Box: the Forensics of Airplane Crashes. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8018-8631-7.

[5] 6 g has been recorded in the 130R turn at Suzuka circuit, Japan. [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Many turns have 5 g peak values, like turn 8 at Istanbul or Eau Rouge at Spa

[6] Archived copy. [2014-12-14]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-28）.

[7] NASA: SP-368 Biomedical Results of Apollo, Chapter 5: Environmental Factors, Table 2: Apollo Manned Space Flight Reentry G Levels

[8] Maxed out: How many gs can you pull?. New Scientist. [2017-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-23）（美国英语）.

[9] Hall, Rex; David Shayler. Soyuz, A Universal Spacecraft. Springer Praxis. 2003: 193. ISBN 978-1-85233-657-8.

[10] ReVelle, D. O.; Edwards, W. N. Stardust—An artificial, low-velocity "meteor" fall and recovery: 15 January 2006. Meteoritics and Planetary Science. 2007, 42 (2): 271. Bibcode:2007M&PS...42..271R. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb00232.x .

[Sprint-11] Sprint. [2022-10-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-23）.

[th-12] 12.0 ^12.1 tomshardware.co.uk - Hard Drive Shock Tolerance - Hard-Disks - Storage 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2012-06-17., Physics, by O'hanian, 1989, 2007-01-03

[nhtsa.dot.gov-13] “Several Indy car drivers have withstood impacts in excess of 100 G without serious injuries.” Dennis F. Shanahan, M.D., M.P.H.: ”Human Tolerance and Crash Survivability ^{[失效連結]}, citing Society of Automotive Engineers. Indy racecar crash analysis. Automotive Engineering International, June 1999, 87–90. And National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: Recording Automotive Crash Event Data 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-04-05.

[14] Holloman Air Force Base - Fact Sheet (Printable) : 846 TS HYPERSONIC UPGRADE PROGRAM. [2015-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-17）.

[wd600bb-15] wdc.com - Legacy Product Specifications : WD600BB 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-02-27., read 2012-01-11

[16] Archived copy. [2013-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-18）.

[17] Feel the G's: The Science of Gravity and G-Forces - by Suzanne Slade (page 37)

[18] Woodfill, Jerry. What Did Galileo Find at Jupipter?. er.jsc.nasa.gov. NASA. [8 November 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-23）.

[bianchi-19] Formula 1 - Bianchi crash impact was 254g. uk.eurosport.yahoo.com. 23 July 2015. （原始内容存档于23 July 2015）.

[20] Evans, M. E. G. The jump of the click beetle (Coleoptera, Elateridae)—a preliminary study. Journal of Zoology. 2009, 167 (3): 319–336. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1972.tb03115.x.

[21] Archived copy (PDF). [2015-04-19]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-03）.

[22] S-H Yoon; S Park. A mechanical analysis of woodpecker drumming and its application to shock-absorbing systems (PDF). Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 17 January 2011, 6 (1): 12 [10 January 2016]. Bibcode:2011BiBi....6a6003Y. PMID 21245520. S2CID 2510221. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/6/1/016003. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-30）.

[23] Omega [2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Ball Watch Technology （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[24] Cosworth V8 engine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[25] S. N. Patek, W. L. Korff & R. L. Caldwell. Deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp (PDF). Nature. 2004, 428 (6985): 819–820. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..819P. PMID 15103366. S2CID 4324997. doi:10.1038/428819a. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[26] L-3 Communication's IEC Awarded Contract with Raytheon for Common Air Launched Navigation System. [2016-12-12]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-24）.

[27] u.edu - Rockets in Horse Poop （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 2010-12-10

[28] Assuming an 8.04 gram bullet, a muzzle velocity of 350米每秒（1,100英尺每秒）, and a 102 mm barrel.

[TrapJawPatek-29] Patek SN, Baio JE, Fisher BL, Suarez AV. Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: Ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 22 August 2006, 103 (34): 12787–12792. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10312787P. PMC 1568925 . PMID 16924120. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604290103 .

[30] Assuming an 8.04 gram bullet, a peak pressure of 240 MPa（35,000 psi） and 440 N of friction.

[Holberg1998-31] Holberg, J. B.; Barstow, M. A.; Bruhweiler, F. C.; Cruise, A. M.; Penny, A. J. Sirius B: A New, More Accurate View. The Astrophysical Journal. 1998, 497 (2): 935–942. Bibcode:1998ApJ...497..935H. doi:10.1086/305489 .

[32] Berkeley Physics Course, vol. 1, Mechanics, fig. 4.1 (authors Kittel-Knight-Ruderman, 1973 edition)

[33] Tibballs, J; Yanagihara, A. A; Turner, H. C; Winkel, K. Immunological and Toxinological Responses to Jellyfish Stings. Inflammation & Allergy - Drug Targets. 2011, 10 (5): 438–446. PMC 3773479 . PMID 21824077. doi:10.2174/187152811797200650.

[34] K. McKinney and P. Mongeau, "Multiple stage pulsed induction acceleration," in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 239-242, March 1984, doi: 10.1109/TMAG.1984.1063089.

[35] Calculated from their speed and radius, approximating the LHC as a circle.

[36] Rosenzweig, J. B; Andonian, G; Bucksbaum, P; Ferrario, M; Full, S; Fukusawa, A; Hemsing, E; Hidding, B; Hogan, M; Krejcik, P; Muggli, P; Marcus, G; Marinelli, A; Musumeci, P; O'Shea, B; Pellegrini, C; Schiller, D; Travish, G. Teravolt-per-meter beam and plasma fields from low-charge femtosecond electron beams. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 2011, 653 (1): 98. Bibcode:2011NIMPA.653...98R. S2CID 118384500. arXiv:1002.1976 . doi:10.1016/j.nima.2011.01.073.

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另見

參考

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