《新工具论:或解释自然的一些指导》(拉丁語:Novum Organum: Sive Indicia Vera de Interpretatione Naturae,也译作新工具[1]),是弗兰西斯·培根于1620年出版的一部科学哲学著作,用拉丁文写成。培根在《新工具论》中,针对亚里士多德的关于逻辑和三段论的著作《工具論》,提出了他认为优于三段论的新逻辑体系——培根法。一般认为,此书是对现代科学的方法进行论证的最早的著作之一,奠定了现代科学发展的方法论基础。
《新工具论》的扉页描绘了一艘盖伦帆船穿行于直布罗陀海峡。神话中的海格力斯之柱分别矗立在的海峡两岸,表示这里是离开已被探明的地中海进入大西洋的出口。伊比利亚水手打破了作为地中海边界的支柱的束缚,开辟了一个新的探索世界。培根希望,以经验(或实验)为依据的的研究能够如他们一样,打破旧有的科学观念,并引导对世界和天空进行更深入地理解。这本书的扉页设计很大程度上借鉴了安德烈斯·加西亚·塞斯佩德斯(Andrés García de Céspedes)于1606年出版的《纳瓦加西翁的纲领》(Regimiento de Navegación)的扉页的思路。[2]
底部的拉丁文标牌 – Multi pertransibunt & augebitur scientia – 取自旧约(但以理书12:4)“必有多人来往奔跑,知识就必增长”。[3]
Now my plan is as easy to describe as it is difficult to effect.For it is to establish degrees of certainty, take care of the sense by a kind of reduction, but to reject for the most part the work of the mind that follows upon sense; in fact I mean to open up and lay down a new and certain pathway from the perceptions of the senses themselves to the mind.
Before Bacon where else does one find a meticulously articulated view of natural philosophy as an enterprise of instruments and experiment, and enterprise designed to restrain discursive reason and make good the defects of the senses? Where else in the literature before Bacon does one come across a stripped-down natural-historical programme of such enormous scope and scrupulous precision, and designed to serve as the basis for a complete reconstruction of human knowledge which would generate new, vastly productive sciences through a form of eliminative induction supported by various other procedures including deduction? Where else does one find a concept of scientific research which implies an institutional framework of such proportions that it required generations of permanent state funding to sustain it? And all this accompanied by a thorough, searching, and devastating attack on ancient and not-so-ancient philosophies, and by a provisional natural philosophy anticipating the results of the new philosophy?[4]
维基文库中的相關文獻:Novum Organum include Spedding, Devey and Wood translations
"Francis Bacon" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) at Early Modern Texts, with English translation The New Organon, prepared by Jonathan Bennett with adjustments to make the text more accessible