方向—社會民主黨

方向—社会民主党
方向—社会民主党
Smer – sociálna demokracia（斯洛伐克語）;
	方向—社会民主党标志
简称	Smer
领袖	罗伯特·菲佐
副领袖	查看列表卢博斯·布莱哈（英语：Ľuboš Blaha）; 尤拉伊·布拉纳尔（英语：Juraj Blanár）; 埃里克·卡利纳克（英语：Erik Kaliňák）; 拉吉斯拉夫·卡梅尼茨基（英语：Ladislav Kamenický）; 里哈德·塔卡奇（英语：Richard Takáč）;
总书记	马里安·萨隆（英语：Marián Saloň）
创始人	罗伯特·菲佐
成立	1999年11月8日，25年前
分裂自	民主左翼党
总部	Súmračná 3263/25, 82102 布拉迪斯拉发
青年组织	青年社会民主人士（英语：Young Social Democrats (Slovakia)）
党员; （2022年）	▲ 13095
意識形態	社会民主主义; 左翼民粹主义; 左翼民族主义; 左翼保守主义; 民族保守主义; 社会保守主义; 软欧洲怀疑主义; 亲俄
政治立場	中间偏左至左翼
欧洲组织	欧洲社会党（停权）
国际组织	社会党国际; 进步联盟（历史上）
歐洲議會黨團	无所属
官方色彩	红色; 藏青色;
口號	“稳定、秩序和社会保障”
国民议会	42 / 150
欧洲议会	5 / 15
区份州长	1 / 8
区份议会	50 / 419
市长	516 / 2,904
地方议员	2,364 / 20,462
官方网站
	strana-smer.sk
	斯洛伐克政治; 政党 · 选举

方向—社會民主黨（斯洛伐克語：Smer – sociálna demokracia），簡稱方向黨，是斯洛伐克的左翼民族主義和左翼保守主義政黨。領導人為斯洛伐克總理羅伯特·菲佐。該黨自視為社會民主主義，並被描述為「左翼經濟政策與民族主義訴求的結合體」^[29]。

歷史

早期

該黨最初名為方向，是1999年從民主左翼党分裂而來。在當時極受歡迎的政治人物菲喬領導下，很快就超越民主左翼党。而前身為斯洛伐克共產黨的執政黨民主左翼党的支持率則不斷下滑。2003年，该党更名為方向（第三條道路）^[30]。2004年，擁有25席的方向－社會民主黨為議會第三大黨。2005年1月1日，民主左翼党、社会民主替代（英语：Social Democratic Alternative）和斯洛伐克社会民主党（英语：Social Democratic Party of Slovakia）并入该党，遂改名为“方向—社会民主党”。

首次执政

在2006年斯洛伐克議會選舉（英语：2006 Slovak parliamentary election）中，方向—社會民主黨得票率達29.1%，囊獲50席。之後，方向黨與人民党—争取民主斯洛伐克运动、極右派民族主義政黨斯洛伐克民族黨組成執政聯盟。^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]因此，2006年方向黨遭歐洲社會黨暫時停權。歐洲社會黨認為斯洛伐克民族黨為「煽動或企圖挑起種族或民族偏見與種族仇恨的政黨」。^[35]歐洲社會黨主席波爾·尼魯普·拉斯穆森表示「我們大多數成員堅持著我們的價值觀，與極端右派組成聯盟無法接受」。^[36]2008年撤銷處分。

雖然方向－社會民主黨在2010年斯洛伐克议会选举中繼續蟬聯第一大黨寶座，取得62席，並領先第二大黨保守派的斯洛伐克民主與基督教聯盟－民主黨^[37]，但他們因失去執政夥伴而未能組閣。人民黨–民主斯洛伐克運動未能跨越5%門檻，而斯洛伐克民族黨滑落至9席。因此，四個中間偏右反對黨－斯洛伐克民主與基督教聯盟－民主黨、自由與團結黨、基督教民主運動、橋黨籌組新政府。^[38]

2012年斯洛伐克議會選舉，3月12日，方向－社會民主黨以83席取得絕對多數地位，獲得44.4%的選票，成為國民議會第一大黨，並拿下絕對多數的83席席次（全部150席），實現組建自1993年以來的首個單一執政黨執政的政府。^[39]

2014年4月，方向－社會民主黨總統候選人菲喬在第二輪投票敗給獲右派支持的獨立候選人。

2016年斯洛伐克議會選舉，方向－社會民主黨議席减至49席，仍為国民议会第一大黨。最終方向—社會民主黨與三個右派政黨組成聯合政府，聯合政府在國會150席中有85席。而後因為連線黨解散的關係所以在國會的席次降低至79席。

2023年斯洛伐克国民议会选举中，在罗伯特·菲佐带领下，方向—社会民主党赢得胜利，得票率为22.94%；由于未能取得半数以上席位，方向党需要与其他政党组成联合内阁。^[40]

選舉結果

國民議會

時間	領導	得票數	得票率	席位	名次	是否執政
2002	羅伯特·菲佐	387,100	13.46	25 / 150	第3	否
2006	羅伯特·菲佐	671,185 ▲	29.14 ▲	50 / 150	第1▲	是
2010	羅伯特·菲佐	880,111 ▲	34.79 ▲	62 / 150	第1	否
2012	羅伯特·菲佐	1,134,180 ▲	44.41 ▲	83 / 150	第1	是
2016	羅伯特·菲佐	737,481 ▼	28.28 ▼	49 / 150	第1	是
2020	彼得·佩萊格里尼	527,172 ▼	18.29 ▼	38 / 150	第2▼	否
2023	罗伯特·菲佐	681,017 ▲	22.95 ▲	42 / 150	第1▲	是

總統選舉

時間	候選人	第一輪			第二輪
時間	候選人	得票數	得票率	結果	得票數	得票率	結果
2004	伊萬·蓋斯巴洛維奇	442,564	22.28	晉級第二輪	1,079,592	59.91	當選
2009	伊萬·蓋斯巴洛維奇	876,061	46.71	晉級第二輪	1,234,787	55.53	當選
2014	羅伯特·菲佐	531,919	28.00	晉級第二輪	893,841	40.61	未能當選

歐洲議會

時間	得票數	得票率	席位	名次
2004	118,535	16.89	3 / 14	第3
2009	264,722 ▲	32.01 ▲	5 / 13	第1 ▲
2014	135,189 ▼	24.09 ▼	4 / 13	第1
2019	154,996 ▲	15.72 ▼	3 / 14	第2 ▼

参考文献

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外部連結

（斯洛伐克文）官方網站

[vs2022-1] Výročná správa (PDF). Ministerstvo vnútra Slovenskej republiky. [2023-07-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-07-29）.

[socdem-2] 
Nordsieck, Wolfram. Slovakia. Parties and Elections in Europe. 2020 [4 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-02）.
Keating, Michael; McCrone, Davic. The Crisis of Social Democracy in Europe. Edinburgh University Press. 2013: 63. ISBN 978-0-7486-6583-9. Following in the path of the social democratic party Smer in Slovakia, the social democrats in the Czech Republic and Romania are well positioned to benefit from this.
Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan; Lesay, Ivan. The Political Economy of Crisis Management in East–Central European Countries. Europe-Asia Studies. 2013, 65 (3): 401. doi:10.1080/09668136.2013.779460. hdl:10.1080/09668136.2013.779460 . That did not imply electoral punishment for the social-democratic Smer party. The party won more votes than in the previous elections in 2006, but failure by its previous coalition allies meant that the right succeeded thanks to its ability to lead a viable coalition.
De Sio, Lorenzo; Emanuele, Vincenzo; Maggini, Nicola. The European Parliament Elections of 2014. CISE – Centro Italiano Studi Elettorali. 2014: 245. ISBN 978-88-98012-16-9. The election was won by the ruling social democratic Smer-SD, which got 4 of 13 seats.
Sekerák, Marián. Towards conservatism? Party politics in Slovakia at the end of the 2010s. European View (SAGE). 2019, 18 (2): 238. doi:10.1177/1781685819883965 . Moreover, the Social Democratic Smer–SD and the economically liberal SaS both have some elements typical of social conservatism.
Taggart, Paul; Szczerbiak, Aleks. Putting Brexit into perspective: the effect of the Eurozone and migration crises and Brexit on Euroscepticism in European states. Journal of European Public Policy (Taylor & Francis). 2018, 25 (8): 120. doi:10.1080/13501763.2018.1467955. This brought (Soft) Euroscepticism into the core of the party system involving not just right-wing conservative parties such as Law and Justice in Poland and Fidesz in Hungary, but centre-left governing parties such as the Czech Social Democrats and the social democratic Smer (Direction) party in Slovakia.

[3] Nordsieck, Wolfram. Slovakia. Parties and Elections in Europe. 2020 [4 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-02）.

[4] Keating, Michael; McCrone, Davic. The Crisis of Social Democracy in Europe. Edinburgh University Press. 2013: 63. ISBN 978-0-7486-6583-9. Following in the path of the social democratic party Smer in Slovakia, the social democrats in the Czech Republic and Romania are well positioned to benefit from this.

[5] Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan; Lesay, Ivan. The Political Economy of Crisis Management in East–Central European Countries. Europe-Asia Studies. 2013, 65 (3): 401. doi:10.1080/09668136.2013.779460. hdl:10.1080/09668136.2013.779460 . That did not imply electoral punishment for the social-democratic Smer party. The party won more votes than in the previous elections in 2006, but failure by its previous coalition allies meant that the right succeeded thanks to its ability to lead a viable coalition.

[6] De Sio, Lorenzo; Emanuele, Vincenzo; Maggini, Nicola. The European Parliament Elections of 2014. CISE – Centro Italiano Studi Elettorali. 2014: 245. ISBN 978-88-98012-16-9. The election was won by the ruling social democratic Smer-SD, which got 4 of 13 seats.

[7] Sekerák, Marián. Towards conservatism? Party politics in Slovakia at the end of the 2010s. European View (SAGE). 2019, 18 (2): 238. doi:10.1177/1781685819883965 . Moreover, the Social Democratic Smer–SD and the economically liberal SaS both have some elements typical of social conservatism.

[8] Taggart, Paul; Szczerbiak, Aleks. Putting Brexit into perspective: the effect of the Eurozone and migration crises and Brexit on Euroscepticism in European states. Journal of European Public Policy (Taylor & Francis). 2018, 25 (8): 120. doi:10.1080/13501763.2018.1467955. This brought (Soft) Euroscepticism into the core of the party system involving not just right-wing conservative parties such as Law and Justice in Poland and Fidesz in Hungary, but centre-left governing parties such as the Czech Social Democrats and the social democratic Smer (Direction) party in Slovakia.

[3] Report on Panel #1 / Mapping European Populism: Populist Authoritarian Tendencies in Central and Eastern Europe, and Challenges to the EU – ECPS. 2022-04-26 [2022-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-02）（美国英语）.

[4] The Case of Smer Party in Slovakia. ECPR General Conference. August 2015.

[5] Direction – Slovak Social Democracy party (Smer-SD). Clean Energy Wire. 2021-06-30 [2022-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-27）.

[6] [3]^[4]^[5]

[7] Želinský, Dominik. Great Expectations: Slovak Nationalist initiatives in the light of Communal Elections 2014 (PDF). ceeidentity.eu. CEE Idenitity – National Identities. [9 May 2016]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于21 January 2021）.

[ln2023-8] Spectre of Radical Changes: Slovakia in Flux Ahead of National Council Elections. PISM. [2023-12-13]. （原始内容存档于2024-05-17）.

[9] 宽恕枪手！斯洛伐克总理遇刺后首发声. 中国新闻周刊. （原始内容存档于2025-01-01）（中文）. 被他刺杀的总理菲佐领导的执政联盟，也涵盖了从左翼保守主义到极右翼的多元党派。

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[LaBruyère2010-11] Fico hovorí o LGBTI ľuďoch čoraz vulgárnejšie, jeho štátna tajomníčka pritom podporila Pride. Denník N. 11 May 2021. （原始内容存档于2025-01-14）（斯洛伐克语）.

[LaBruyère20102-12] Kto získa anti-cenu Homofób roka? Výrokmi sa "blysli" Fico, Matovič a v päťke nominovaných je aj Haľko. SITA. 16 May 2022. （原始内容存档于2025-01-14）（斯洛伐克语）.

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[cenlef-23] 
Henley, Jon. Who is Robert Fico?. The Guardian. 15 May 2024. He was Slovakia’s representative to the European court of human rights from 1994 to 2000 and set up his centre-left Smer-SD party in 1999 after being turned down for a ministerial post by the Democratic Left, the Communists’ political heirs.
Gyárfášová, Oľga. Explaining the popularity of the extreme right in Slovakia. Friends of Europe. 11 February 2020 [2025-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2025-03-02）. Slovakia is approaching critical parliamentary elections. On 29 February voters will decide whether the main centre-left coalition party Smer-SD – which has led governments almost uninterrupted since 2006 – will stay in power, or whether the predominantly liberal opposition will force a change in government.
Ogrodnik, Łukasz. Slovak Parliamentary Elections. Polish Institute of International Affairs. 28 February 2020. Elections in Slovakia to the National Council, scheduled for 29 February, will likely confirm the continued falling support for the centre-left Smer-Social Democracy (Smer).

[30] Henley, Jon. Who is Robert Fico?. The Guardian. 15 May 2024. He was Slovakia’s representative to the European court of human rights from 1994 to 2000 and set up his centre-left Smer-SD party in 1999 after being turned down for a ministerial post by the Democratic Left, the Communists’ political heirs.

[31] Gyárfášová, Oľga. Explaining the popularity of the extreme right in Slovakia. Friends of Europe. 11 February 2020 [2025-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2025-03-02）. Slovakia is approaching critical parliamentary elections. On 29 February voters will decide whether the main centre-left coalition party Smer-SD – which has led governments almost uninterrupted since 2006 – will stay in power, or whether the predominantly liberal opposition will force a change in government.

[32] Ogrodnik, Łukasz. Slovak Parliamentary Elections. Polish Institute of International Affairs. 28 February 2020. Elections in Slovakia to the National Council, scheduled for 29 February, will likely confirm the continued falling support for the centre-left Smer-Social Democracy (Smer).

[lefw-24] 
Hovet, Jason. Slovakia's populist ex-PM Fico seals coalition deal for new government. Reuters. Prague. 16 October 2023 [2025-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-30）. Fico's leftist, populist SMER-SSD (Direction-Slovak Social Democracy) struck a deal last week with the centre-left HLAS (Voice) and nationalist Slovak National Party (SNS) to form a coalition that will have 79 out of 150 seats in parliament.
Stoklasa, Radovan. Slovakia's Fico signs coalition deal with far-right party. France24. 11 October 2023 [2025-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2025-01-01）. The leftist Smer, or Direction, party captured 22.9% of the vote in Slovakia's Sept 30 parliamentary election.
Nicholson, Tom; Hülsemann, Laura. New government emerges in Slovakia, with Robert Fico as prime minister. Politico. 11 October 2023 [2025-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-11）. Following Tuesday’s announcement by the social democratic Hlas (Voice) party, which finished third in the September 30 election with 14.7 percent, that it would focus on coalition talks with leftist-populist Smer (Direction), the victor of the ballot with 23 percent, the two parties on Wednesday announced agreement on forming a ruling coalition.
Onderco, Michal; Joosen, Rik. Dimensionality of Party Politics of Foreign Policy: Spatial Modeling of Slovakia's National Council. Foreign Policy Analysis. July 2021, 17 (3) [2025-01-01]. doi:10.1093/fpa/orab012. hdl:1887/3594318 . （原始内容存档于2024-07-26）. The only potential exception appears to be the period from 2012 to 2016, but it is important to note that in that period, Direction—Social Democracy (SMER-Sociálna Demokracia; SMER) was the sole governing party and at the same time the only left-wing party in the parliament.
Balfour, Rosa; Lehne, Stefan. Charting the Radical Right's Influence on EU Foreign Policy (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: 101. 18 April 2024 [2025-05-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2025-03-29）. At the same time, some agenda items, such as migration, have been co-opted by more mainstream parties, like the left-wing Direction—Social Democracy (SMER-SD, or SMER).

[34] Hovet, Jason. Slovakia's populist ex-PM Fico seals coalition deal for new government. Reuters. Prague. 16 October 2023 [2025-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-30）. Fico's leftist, populist SMER-SSD (Direction-Slovak Social Democracy) struck a deal last week with the centre-left HLAS (Voice) and nationalist Slovak National Party (SNS) to form a coalition that will have 79 out of 150 seats in parliament.

[35] Stoklasa, Radovan. Slovakia's Fico signs coalition deal with far-right party. France24. 11 October 2023 [2025-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2025-01-01）. The leftist Smer, or Direction, party captured 22.9% of the vote in Slovakia's Sept 30 parliamentary election.

[36] Nicholson, Tom; Hülsemann, Laura. New government emerges in Slovakia, with Robert Fico as prime minister. Politico. 11 October 2023 [2025-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-11）. Following Tuesday’s announcement by the social democratic Hlas (Voice) party, which finished third in the September 30 election with 14.7 percent, that it would focus on coalition talks with leftist-populist Smer (Direction), the victor of the ballot with 23 percent, the two parties on Wednesday announced agreement on forming a ruling coalition.

[37] Onderco, Michal; Joosen, Rik. Dimensionality of Party Politics of Foreign Policy: Spatial Modeling of Slovakia's National Council. Foreign Policy Analysis. July 2021, 17 (3) [2025-01-01]. doi:10.1093/fpa/orab012. hdl:1887/3594318 . （原始内容存档于2024-07-26）. The only potential exception appears to be the period from 2012 to 2016, but it is important to note that in that period, Direction—Social Democracy (SMER-Sociálna Demokracia; SMER) was the sole governing party and at the same time the only left-wing party in the parliament.

[38] Balfour, Rosa; Lehne, Stefan. Charting the Radical Right's Influence on EU Foreign Policy (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: 101. 18 April 2024 [2025-05-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2025-03-29）. At the same time, some agenda items, such as migration, have been co-opted by more mainstream parties, like the left-wing Direction—Social Democracy (SMER-SD, or SMER).

[25] European socialists suspend Robert Fico's Smer party and its ally Hlas. 12 October 2023 [2025-01-01]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-12）.

[26] Hanke Vela, Jakob. Biden heads to Israel as tensions mount over hospital blast. Politico. 18 October 2023 [19 October 2023]. （原始内容存档于2025-01-26）.

[27] Fiasko, zavádzanie aj nevyužitá šanca. Ako hodnotia billboardovú kampaň odborníci na marketing?. 13 August 2023.

[volbysr-28] 28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 ^28.3 Súhrnné výsledky hlasovania - Voľby do orgánov samosprávy obcí 2022. www.volbysr.sk. （原始内容存档于2022-12-15）.

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[Sokolova-33] Juliana Sokolova. Slovakia: in search of normal. openDemocracy.net. 2-4-2009 [2009-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2009-08-30）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[34] The Steven Roth Institute: Country reports. Antisemitism and racism in Slovakia 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013-05-31.. Tau.ac.il. Retrieved on 15 October 2011.

[35] 存档副本. [2006-10-13]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-14）. SMER suspended from PES political family], Party of European Socialists, 12 October 2006

[36] Euro-socialists suspend Fico's Smer party – The Slovak Spectator （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Spectator.sme.sk. Retrieved on 15 October 2011.

[37] Voľby do Národnej rady Slovenskej republiky 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-06-16.. Volbysr.sk. Retrieved on 15 October 2011.

[38] Fico vyhral a predsa končí | Voľby 2010 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. volby.sme.sk. Retrieved on 15 October 2011.

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