他出生在宾夕法尼亚州威廉斯波特,就读于芝加哥大学,在那里,他被卷入了当时的“新浪潮运动”(严肃认真地关注作为一种艺术形式的电影)。当时他的政见是“反共的社会主义者,研究了马克思主义者们引起的革命,并目睹了革命如何通常不起作用”[1]。他在巴黎的索邦大学呆了六个月,每天看四部电影,后来回到芝加哥,并获得了英语和通信新闻(English and Communications)专业硕士学位。
卡伦巴赫有许多年在加州大学出版社主编自然历史指南(Natural History Guides)。他开始认真对待环境问题及它们同人类的价值体系、社会结构和生活方式的联系,就象他曾认真地去理解电影一样。他深受爱德华·艾比(英语:Edward Abbey)的影响。他因此以绿色书籍的作者而著称,即《生态乌托邦》(1975)和《生态乌托邦之诞生》(1981)等生态乌托邦的作者。他据说创造了“生态乌托邦”一词。此外,他曾带着极大兴趣读过默里·布克钦的《后匮乏社会的无政府主义》(Post-scarcity anarchism,1971年),后来又认识了布克钦本人。[2]
2006年,卡伦巴赫介绍了日本的一个社区运动的真实故事,从它的目标和实践上,都使人联想起他的生态乌托邦社会。他访问了日本,并调查了山岸运动(Yamagishi)。它涉及大约三打建立在同一基本原则之上的共同社区(intentional communities):居住的农业(猪、牛和鸡的家畜饲养,还有有机蔬菜和水果的种植)人口在生态意义上的融合,社会生活基于民主、相互理解、相互支持和健康的原则。每一个个体的居民点都被称为是jikkenji(‘为世界示范的社区’)。描述这些社区的文章“生态乌托邦在日本?”非常短。一上来就将其设定在“邂逅回归大地的、致力于‘一切众生之长久幸福’的社会成员”[3]的视角上。全文分为“研讨会中的山岸特殊课程”(Tokkoh)、“丰乡町”(Toyosato)、“日常生活”(Daily Life)、“工作与游戏”(Work and Play)、“可持续性观点”(The Sustainability Perspective)、“山岸主义与我们”(Yamagishism and Us)等几个小节。
地球十诫
1990年,卡伦巴赫提出了“地球十诫”(Earth's Ten Commandments),刊登在其个人主页[4]上:
Thou shalt love and honor the Earth for it blesses thy life and governs thy survival.
汝当崇爱地球,因其护佑汝之生,而主治汝之存。
Thou shalt keep each day sacred to the Earth and celebrate the turning of its seasons.
汝当日日敬圣地球,颂寒暑易节,赞四季轮替。
Thou shalt not hold thyself above other living things nor drive them to extinction.
汝无当自贵于他生者,勿遣之绝亡。
Thou shalt give thanks for thy food to the creatures and plants that nourish thee.
汝当以食汝之恩,而厚谢滋养尔之动植。
Thou shalt limit thy offspring for multitudes of people are a burden unto the Earth.
汝当以地球负人众,而谨身限止尔后。
Thou shalt not kill nor waste Earth's riches upon weapons of war.
汝无当戮侈沃野以战器。
Thou shalt not pursue profit at the Earth's expense but strive to restore its damaged majesty.
汝无当伤地球以逐利,当励精而资复庄严。
Thou shalt not hide from thyself or others the consequences of thy actions upon the Earth.
汝无当隐尔之所为所果于地球。
Thou shalt not steal from future generations by impoverishing or poisoning the Earth.
汝无当竭污地球而窃来世。
Thou shalt consume material goods in moderation so all may share Earth's bounty.
汝当节用,遂使众皆得享地球之无边宽施。
欧内斯特·卡伦巴赫的著作
《安贫乐道的品质生活》(Living Poor With Style)(纽约:Bantam, 1972)
《生态学:袖珍指南》(Ecology: A pocket guide)(1998; rev. ed. 2008)
《有品味的廉价生活:活得好、花得少》(Living Cheaply With Style: Live Better and Spend Less)(伯克利:Ronin,1993). ISBN 0-914171-61-5
《有品味的廉价生活:活得好、花得少》(Living Cheaply With Style: Live Better and Spend Less,)第二版(伯克利:Ronin,2000). ISBN 1-57951-014-0
《带回美洲野牛!:美洲大平原可持续的未来》(Bring Back the Buffalo!: A Sustainable Future for America's Great Plains)(2000)
延伸阅读
Ernest Callenbach "Ecotopia in Japan?," in: Communities 132 (Fall 2006), pp. 42–49.
R. Frye, "The Economics of Ecotopia," in: Alternative Futures 3 (1980), pp. 71–81.
K.T. Goldbach, "Utopian Music: Music History of the Future in Novels by Bellamy, Callenbach and Huxley," in: Utopia Matters. Theory, Politics, Literature and the Arts, ed. F. Viera, M. Freitas, Porto 2005, pp. 237–243.
U. Meyer: "Selling an 'ecological religion'. Strategies of Persuasion in Ernest Callenbach’s ‘Ecotopia’," In: M. Lotz, M. van der Minde, D. Weidmann (Hrsg.): Von Platon bis zur Global Governance. Entwürfe für menschliches Zusammenleben. Marburg 2010, S. 253-280.
H. Tschachler, "Despotic Reason in Arcadia. Ernest Callenbach's Ecological Utopias," Science-Fiction Studies 11 (1984), pp. 304–317.
参考
^Richard Seán O’Rourke. Transition Towns: Ecotopia Emerging? The role of Civil Society in escaping Carbon Lock-In(PDF). Communities. 2008-10-16: 21 [2010-01-21]. (原始内容(pdf)存档于2010-06-13) (英语). In interview, Callenbach says that he had been a student radical in college at Chicago and describes his politics as "anti-communist socialist having studied Marxist inspired revolutions and saw how they usually didn't [work]."
^Richard Seán O' Rourke. Transition Towns: Ecotopia Emerging? The role of Civil Society in escaping Carbon Lock-In(PDF). Communities. 2008-10-16: 21 [2010-01-21]. (原始内容(pdf)存档于2010-06-13) (英语). When asked if he had been influenced by the work of Murray Bookchin, the other of de Guess's (1999) modern ecological utopians, he said he had read Post-scarcity anarchism (1971) with great interest and later came to know Bookchin personally.
^Callenbach, Ernest. Ecotopia in Japan?(pdf). Communities. Fall 2006, 132: 42–49 [2010-01-21]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2010-12-23) (英语). Meet back-to-the-land communitarians with the goal of "sustainable happiness for all." Do they live like people in that fictional country, "Ecotopia"?