氣候變化與貧困(英語:Climate change and poverty)兩者間有密切關聯,主因是氣候變化對世界各地低收入社區和開發中國家的貧困人口已造成尤其嚴重的影響。貧困人口受到更多氣候變化不良影響的緣故是因為其接觸的機會和脆弱性都在增長中。[1]脆弱性表示系統容易遭受,或是無法應對變化所產生的不利影響,包括氣候變率和極端氣候事件。[2]
除經濟衝擊外,大規模的飢荒、乾旱和潛在的人道沖擊均會對整個國家產生影響。高的貧困程度和低的經濟發展(英语:Human development (economics))水平讓貧困家庭管理氣候風險的能力受到限制。由於貧困家庭缺乏獲得正規保險的機會、收入低且資產微薄,根本無力應對與氣候相關的衝擊。[11]此外,貧困家庭受到災害的衝擊後,也缺乏來自朋友和家人、金融系統和社會安全網的支持,更加深環境衝擊的負面作用。 [12]
氣候變化導致的環境種族主義現象,在發生氣候災害期間會變得尤為明顯。在1995年芝加哥熱浪事件(英语:1995 Chicago heat wave)過後,學者們開始分析這場危機中環境種族主義在不同族裔間所產生死亡率不平等的影響。[15]事件的直接原因是由於缺乏足夠的事前預警和未能利用既有的空調庇護所,而讓貧困群體處於不利地位,事件對芝加哥最貧困地區造成特別嚴重的死亡案例。較貧窮的人更易受到氣候變化傷害,原因是由於他們能取得的資源較少,而無法協助他們從自然災害中恢復。[16]在過去50年中因氣候災害的數量急劇增加,[17]可觀察到的環境種族主義現象也有所增加,[18]而導致呼籲環境正義的社會運動也隨之增長。
氣候變化的直接影響是與溫度有關的疾病增加,以及與長期熱浪和高濕度相關的死亡人數增加。氣候變化還會改變病媒傳播的地理位置,特別是瘧疾、登革熱等蚊媒疾病,讓更多人罹患疾病。[11]由於不斷變化的氣候會影響到人類維持健康的基本要素:清潔空氣和水、充足的食物和足夠的居住空間,影響不但範圍廣,而且普遍。世界衛生組織健康問題社會決定因素委員會(WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health )發佈的報告中指出,由於弱勢社區更易受到健康威脅,他們會承擔極高比例的氣候變化造成的負面影響。[28]超過90%的瘧疾和腹瀉所導致的死亡主要發生在開發中國家,5歲或以下的兒童佔其中多數。[5]其他受到嚴重影響的人群包括婦女、老年人以及生活在小島嶼上的開發中國家,和其他沿海地區、超級城市或山區的人們之中。[5]
所謂氣候變化調適,談的是各種適應全球變暖影響的行動。附屬於英國[[薩塞克斯大學]的]發展研究所(英语:Institute of Development Studies)將調適與貧困兩者聯繫,以制定有利於窮人的議程,為氣候適應性減貧計畫提供信息。如果“無法學習和建立在對貧困和脆弱性的多維和差異化性質的理解”氣候變化調適將會“無效,且不公平”。[40]較貧窮的國家往往受到氣候變化更嚴重的影響,但又缺乏調適的資源和能力。[40]把孟加拉國和美國在兩次強風暴後的結果做比較,就可看出這種差異。1992年發生在美國的颶風安德魯曾造成23人死亡,但在1991年,於孟加拉國發生的一場熱帶氣旋所造成的死亡人數卻高達約100,000。[26]較貧窮的孟加拉國對風暴的準備不足,缺乏足夠的天氣預報系統提供預測。孟加拉國缺乏災後重建經費,而需要國際社會提供援助。對於這類災難頻率和嚴重性增加的情況,需要更多主動和積極的行動,而導致有更多在對貧困社會的發展和減貧計畫中加入氣候調適的做法。[26]把調適作為一個發展議題,其興起受到以下關注的影響:能最大限度降低對減貧行動的威脅(參見千年發展目標)、雖是產生最少問題的人群,卻遭遇最不公正的待遇,以及把調適架構為公平和人權的問題。[40]
奈及利亞和其他非洲國家一樣,最容易受到氣候變化的影響。聯合國政府間氣候變化專門委員會(IPCC)根據奈及利亞大學(英语:University of Nigeria)教授Ignatius A. Madu[42]的研究, 已將非洲列為高度脆弱地區,原因是非洲對氣候變化影響暴露度高,又缺乏調適的措施(IPCC 2007)。如果這類問題沒按照應有的方式解決,非洲的經濟和社會都會受到不良影響。如果不緊急作應對,像非洲這樣擁有豐富自然資源的大陸將隨著時間演進而失去一切,其嚴重程度將比世界上大多數地區更大。
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