5.印度学者Karunakar Gupta的"How Did the Korean War Begin?"中提到的海州战役发生于6月25日下午或晚上[35][43]，但威廉·布鲁姆的"Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions since World War II"一书[44]以及《华侨日报》转引的路透社消息[22]中则描绘其发生于26日早上。
印度学者Karunakar Gupta于1972年在文章"How Did the Korean War Begin?"中分析了韩国军队首先越界的可能性，但是没有有力的证据可以证明这一点。[35]随后美国学者李庭植[25],Robert Simmons（英语：Rob Simmons）[62]均撰文反驳这一观点。"How Did the Korean War Begin?"与Karunakar Gupta在1974年的另一篇文章“The hidden history of the Sino-Indian frontier”[63]部分内容有出入，后者将韩国陆军第1师师长错写为白仁烨。
^ 24.024.1Blum, William. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions since World War II(PDF). United States: Common Courage Press. 1995: 45 [2021-03-05]. ISBN 1-56751-253-4. （原始内容存档(PDF)于2021-02-24）. Subsequently, the South Korean government denied that its capture of Haeju has actually taken place, blaming the original announcement, apparently, on an exaggerating military officer.
^1. Vol. 2, p. 94 (Seoul, 1968). The account there reads, in translation: " On 25 June, Ch'oe Ki-dŏk (of a newspaper company at that time; formerly a reporter attached to the army) happened to be in Ongjin. When he saw Colonel Paik In- yŏp, the Commander of the 17th Regiment, he was told to 'Return to Seoul quickly as a war is raging.' Reporter Ch'oe retorted by saying 'Not only me, but you should withdraw too. It does not look like you are going to withstand [the enemy] here.' Colonel Paik: 'When you get back to Seoul, tell them one thing. Paik In-yŏp had commanded his troops to advance to Haeju.' Upon returning to Seoul, the reporter related the story to a colonel in the Bureau of Education and Information of the Ministry of Defence. Thereupon, the Ministry released the story of advance to Haeju."
^ 37.037.1Paige, Glenn. The Korean Decision, June 24-30, 1950. New York: The Free Press. 1968: 130. ISBN 978-0029236000. Other reports indicated that American military advisers had confirmed the capture by troops of Brigadier-General Paik Sun Yup's First R.O.K. Division of Haeju, capital city of Hwanghae province, one mile north of the Thirty-eighth Parallel north-east of Seoul.
^In fact, the latter history indicates that the enemy had penetrated only one to two miles north of the 38th parallel (Vol. 3, p. 170), whereas Haeju is, of course, five miles north.
^ 39.039.1Cumings, Bruce. Korea's place in the sun: a modern history. W. W. Norton & Company. 2005: 319. ISBN 9780393327021. The New York Times, the New York Herald-Tribune, and the Washington Post reported on June 26 that two companies of the Seventeenth Regiment had occupied Haeju. The UK military attaché in Tokyo cabled on June 27 that two battalions of the Seventeenth occupied Haeju (FO317, piece no.84057, Gascoigne to FO, June 27, 1950).
^The various accounts from Seoul all require us to suppose that the South Korean army was in a fit state to launch a counter-attack in the Haeju region, from the Ongjin area, in the late afternoon or evening of 25 June, after the North Korean attack which had commenced against the Ongjin Peninsula earlier in the same day. Was this a feasible operation,and was it consonant with the military situation on the ground in the evening of the 25th? Certainly such an operation could have been mounted early on the 25th by the 17th Regiment of the R.O.K. Capital Infantry Division under Colonel Paik In Yup with a fair chance of success, but were his forces still capable of offensive action by the time that the "counter-offensive" was supposedly launched?
^Blum, William. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II(PDF). London: Zed Books. 2003: 45 [2021-03-05]. ISBN 1-84277-368-2. （原始内容存档(PDF)于2021-02-24）. Moreover, early in the morning of the 26th, the South Korean Office of Public Information announced that Southern forces had indeed captured the North Korean town of Haeju. The announcement stated that the attack had occurred that same morning, but an American military status report as of nightfall on the 25th notes that all Southern territory west of the Imjin River had been lost to a depth of at least three miles inside the the attack had occurred that same morning.
^鹿野. 金日成真的是朝鲜战争的发动者吗?. 察网. 2017-05-06. （原始内容存档于2021年4月27日）. 第四个判断双方谁是战争发动者的依据是双方在战争第一时间的反应。一九五〇年六月二十五日凌晨，战争爆发。五个小时后，上午九时，平壤向全世界发布消息说：南朝鲜的伪政府国防军于当日凌晨，从三八线地区全线向北朝鲜发动了出其不意的军事进攻。北部的朝鲜政府已经命令共和国内务省警备部队阻击入侵的敌人。北朝鲜军队目前正在展开激烈的防御性战斗，抵抗敌人。韩国的说法更令人寻味：韩国国家广播电台在战争爆发后向自己的人民报告说，韩国政府军正在节节胜利地向平壤推进，不久就将解放北韩。1950年6月25日凌晨1时许，南朝鲜陆军第一师(师长白寅桦“Paik In Yup”准将)部署在翁津半岛的第17团部队发动了闪电进攻，占领了三八线以北5英里的朝鲜民主主义人民共和国黄海道首府海州市。6月26日美联社、合众社、以及当日《泰晤士报》、《曼切斯特卫报》、《每日电讯报》、《每日先驱报》、《芝加哥论坛报》均报道了对海州城的占领。《每日快报》(汉城，6月26日上午)：“由美国训练的南朝鲜军队于昨夜反攻，夺取了北朝鲜内5英里的一座城市，反映是北朝鲜先开的枪。”格伦.D.佩奇教授在他的《朝鲜决议(1950年6月24日至30日)》中写道：“美国军事顾问证实白寅桦(Paik In Yup)准将手下的大韩民国第一师的部队占领了黄海道首府海州。”可以看出，战争开始时各方的报道尽管对“是谁放的第一枪”有争议，但是对谁开始大举进攻是基本没有争议的，均是认为韩国大举进攻，占领海州。
^鹿野. 鹿野：“我们的战争”——浅谈关于抗美援朝的几个问题兼评沈志华的“研究”. 察网. （原始内容存档于2021年2月13日）. 另外，战争开始时各方的报道也从侧面证明了这一点。一九五零年六月二十五日凌晨，战争爆发。五个小时后，上午九时，平壤向全世界发布消息说：南韩的伪政府国防军于当日凌晨，从三八线地区全线向北朝鲜发动了出其不意的军事进攻。北部的朝鲜政府已经命令共和国内务省警备部队阻击入侵的敌人。北朝鲜军队目前正在展开激烈的防御性战斗，抵抗敌人。韩国的说法更令人寻味：韩国国家广播电台在战争爆发后向自己的人民报告说，南朝鲜政府军正在节节胜利地向平壤推进，不久就将解放北朝鲜。1950年6月25日凌晨1时许，南朝鲜陆军第一师（师长白寅桦“Paik In Yup”准将）部署在翁津半岛的第17团部队发动了闪电进攻，占领了三八线以北5英里的朝鲜民主主义人民共和国黄海道首府海州市。6月26日美联社、合众社、以及当日《泰晤士报》、《曼切斯特卫报》、《每日电讯报》、《每日先驱报》、《芝加哥论坛报》均报道了对海州城的占领。《每日快报》（汉城，6月26日上午）：“由美国训练的南朝鲜军队于昨夜反攻，夺取了北朝鲜内5英里的一座城市，反映是朝鲜先开的枪。”格伦.D.佩奇教授在他的《朝鲜决议（1950年6月24日至30日）》中写道：“美国军事顾问证实白寅桦(Paik In Yup)准将手下的大韩民国第一师的部队占领了黄海道首府海州。”可以看出，战争开始时各方的报道尽管对“是谁放的第一枪”有争议，但是对谁开始大举进攻是基本没有争议的，均是认为韩国大举进攻，占领海州。因为谁挑起的战争实在太过明显，所以在八十年代以前国际上对谁挑起了战争这一问题的答案普遍是倾向于南方挑起了战争。不仅社会主义国家和绝大多数发展中国家都如此认为，甚至西方国家和韩国内部的进步人士也承认这一点。所谓金日成挑起的战争这种观点仅仅存在于西方国家和韩国的官方宣传当中。而这种说法在舆论界被普遍接受其实是在八十年代末以来苏东剧变的形势下历史学家们重新书写历史的产物，当然也是那个时代以来西方国家的官方宣传变为世界舆论神圣不可侵犯的政治正确的产物，并非历史的真实。
^雨夹雪. “苏联解密档案”从反面证明了美韩挑起战争. 乌有之乡. 2010-07-03. （原始内容存档于2021年2月6日）. 1950年6月25日凌晨1时许，南朝鲜陆军第一师（师长白寅桦“Paik In Yup”准将）部署在翁津半岛的第17团部队发动了闪电进攻，占领了三八线以北5英里的朝鲜民主主义人民共和国黄海道首府海州市。6月26日美联社、合众社、以及当日《泰晤士报》、《曼切斯特卫报》、《每日电讯报》、《每日先驱报》、《芝加哥论坛报》均报道了对海州城的占领。……可以看出，战争开始时各方的报道尽管对“是谁放的第一枪”有争议，但是对谁开始大举进攻是基本没有争议的，均是认为韩国大举进攻，占领海州。我想应该不会有人认为西方媒体乃至韩国媒体也被朝鲜操纵了吧？……【雨夹雪】：1950年6月25日凌晨1时许，南朝鲜陆军第一师（师长白寅桦“Paik In Yup”准将）部署在翁津半岛的第17团部队发动了闪电进攻，占领了三八线以北5英里的朝鲜民主主义人民共和国黄海道首府海州市。6月26日美联社、合众社、以及当日《泰晤士报》、《曼切斯特卫报》、《每日电讯报》、《每日先驱报》、《芝加哥论坛报》均报道了对海州城的占领。朝鲜人民军发起了反击，于6月25日上午九时许攻占了由南朝鲜陆军第一师另外一个团防守的三八线以南的开城市。
^Bruce, Cumings. Korea's Place in the Sun : A Modern History.. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 2005: pp.278-280. ISBN 978-0393327021. 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
^Cumings, Bruce. The Korean War: A History. New York: Modern library. 2010: pp.53–55. ISBN 9780679603788. The fighting on Ongjin began around 3 or 4 A.M. on June 25; initial intelligence reports were inconclusive as to who started it. Later on, attacking elements were said to be from the 3rd Brigade of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) Border Constabulary, joined at 5:30 A.M. by the formidable 6th Division. At about the same time, according to the American official history, KPA forces at the parallel south of Chorwon assaulted the 1st Regiment of the ROKA 7th Division, dealing it heavy casualties; it gave way and the 3rd and 4th KPA divisions, with an armored brigade, crashed through and began a daunting march toward Seoul. South Korean sources asserted, however, that elements of the 17th Regiment had counterattacked on the Ongjin Peninsula and were in possession of Haeju city, the only important point north of the 38th parallel claimed to have been taken by ROK forces.Roy Appleman, America’s official historian of the war, relied on James Hausman’s heavily sanitized account of the war’ s start on the Ongjin Peninsula. Hausman later told a Thames Television documentary crew that his good friend Paek In-yŏp (brother to Paek Sŏn-yŏp) was the commander on Ongjin, “and when the war broke out as you know he was there not only defending his line but counterattacking” (that is, across the parallel). As for “those who think that the South may have started this war,” Hausman went on, “I think … I think they’re wrong.” Another Thames interviewee, Col. James Peach, an Australian who was with the UN observer group, reported that the Ongjin commander, Paek, was “a get-going sort of chap” who led the “twin-tiger” 17th Regimental Combat Team: “I, I never quite knew what went on. There’s a bit of a mystery still about Haeju, I think it might have been Paek and his merry men, the 17th Regiment, attacking it … We didn’t hear anything about it until the war had been going for a while, and I never quite knew what went on. It’s been said that they attacked there and that the North Koreans responded.” Peach went on to say that he didn’t think this version held much water. (Note also that if the South Koreans attack, it is “Paek and his merry men”; when the North Koreans do the same, it is heinous aggression.) Whether 17th Regiment soldiers may have occupied Haeju on June 25, or even initiated the fighting on Ongjin, is still inconclusive, with the existing evidence pointing both ways. There is no evidence, however, to back up the North’s claim that the South launched a general invasion; at worst there may have been a small assault across the parallel, as happened many times in 1949. Whatever transpired, the North met it with a full invasion. 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)
