生硬言语

在精神病学中，生硬言语(stilted speech)或過度正式言语(pedantic speech)是一種不妥當的正式與嚴謹的溝通方式。^[1]^[2] 这种形式既可以是不当的韵律，也可以是言语内容“浮夸、法律化、哲学或古雅” 。^[3]^[4] 通常情况下，此種言语可以作为诊断精神分裂症或自闭症光谱（ASD）的依据，或者作为精神分裂症或分裂性人格障礙的常见症状的一种思维障碍。^[5]^[6]

为了判断生硬言语，研究者先前已经观察到了以下特征：^[7]

语言传递了过多信息
使用书面语，而非日常会话的词汇和语法
不必要的重复或修正

书面的和冗长单词内容，通常是生硬言语中最容易识别的特征，这种言语也表现出不规则的韵律，尤其是在谐振方面。^[7] 通常，生硬言语的音量、音高、频率和鼻音与正常言语不同，使人们感觉迂腐或者造作。例如，过大的声音或过高的音调可能会给听众造成过于有力的印象，而缓慢或带鼻音的讲话会给人屈尊俯就的印象。^[8]

这些在自闭症患者中常见的症状，部分解释了為何生硬言语用于诊断自闭症。^[8]^[7]不当的语调，语义漂移，简洁和执着，这些都是在与自闭症谱系的青少年交谈时常见的缺陷。^[9] 通常，自闭症儿童中发现的生硬言语也会被特别地刻板化或重复练习。

精神分裂症患者也会经历生硬言语。这种症状既是由于其无法接触更常用的词汇，也是由于其难以理解语用学——即语言与上下文之间的关系。^[10] 然而，生硬言语相较其他精神病症状不太常见。^[11] 这种认知障碍的因素也表现为自戀型人格疾患的症状^[12]

参考文献

^ McKenna P.J., Oh T.M. (2012.) Schizophrenic Speech: Making Sense of Bathroots and Ponds that Fall in Doorways （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00905-8
^ Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders. Volkmar, Fred R. New York, NY: Springer. 2013. ISBN 9781441916976. OCLC 822231140.
^ Rosenblau, G; Kliemann, D; Dziobek, I; Heekeren, HR. Emotional prosody processing in autism spectrum disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. February 2017, 12 (2): 224–39. PMC 5390729 . PMID 27531389. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw118.
^ Peter F. Liddle, Royal College of Psychiatrists Disordered mind and brain: the neural basis of mental symptoms, 301 pages RCPsych Publications, 2001 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-901242-65-X
^ Victor Peralta, Manuel J. Cuesta, Jose de Leon Title:Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: A factor analytic study, Publication:Comprehensive Psychiatry Elsevier March–April 1992 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Elsevier Retrieved 2012-01-12
^ [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016 Retrieved 2012-01-12
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Ghaziuddin, M.; Gerstein, L. Pedantic speaking style differentiates Asperger syndrome from high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. December 1996, 26 (6): 585–595. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 8986845. doi:10.1007/bf02172348.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Shriberg, L. D.; Paul, R.; McSweeny, J. L.; Klin, A. M.; Cohen, D. J.; Volkmar, F. R. Speech and prosody characteristics of adolescents and adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. October 2001, 44 (5): 1097–1115. Bibcode:10.1.1.385.7116 请检查|bibcode=值 (帮助). ISSN 1092-4388. PMID 11708530. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/087).
^ de Villiers, Jessica; Fine, Jonathan; Ginsberg, Gary; Vaccarella, Liezanne; Szatmari, Peter. Brief report: a scale for rating conversational impairment in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. August 2007, 37 (7): 1375–1380. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 17082976. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0264-1.
^ Covington, Michael A.; He, Congzhou; Brown, Cati; Naçi, Lorina; McClain, Jonathan T.; Fjordbak, Bess Sirmon; Semple, James; Brown, John. Schizophrenia and the structure of language: the linguist's view. Schizophrenia Research. 2005-09-01, 77 (1): 85–98. Bibcode:10.1.1.532.2190 请检查|bibcode=值 (帮助). ISSN 0920-9964. PMID 16005388. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016.
^ Jeffrey A. Lieberman, T. Scott Stroup, Diana O. Perkins, American Psychiatric Publishing The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of schizophrenia - 435 pages American Psychiatric Pub, 2006 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-58562-191-9
^ S. Akhtar and J. Anderson Thomson, "Overview :Narcissistic personality Disorder" American Journal of Psychiatry 139:1 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved 2012-01-12

[1] McKenna P.J., Oh T.M. (2012.) Schizophrenic Speech: Making Sense of Bathroots and Ponds that Fall in Doorways （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00905-8

[2] Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders. Volkmar, Fred R. New York, NY: Springer. 2013. ISBN 9781441916976. OCLC 822231140.

[Rosenblau2017-3] Rosenblau, G; Kliemann, D; Dziobek, I; Heekeren, HR. Emotional prosody processing in autism spectrum disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. February 2017, 12 (2): 224–39. PMC 5390729 . PMID 27531389. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw118.

[4] Peter F. Liddle, Royal College of Psychiatrists Disordered mind and brain: the neural basis of mental symptoms, 301 pages RCPsych Publications, 2001 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-901242-65-X

[5] Victor Peralta, Manuel J. Cuesta, Jose de Leon Title:Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: A factor analytic study, Publication:Comprehensive Psychiatry Elsevier March–April 1992 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Elsevier Retrieved 2012-01-12

[6] [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016 Retrieved 2012-01-12

[:1-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Ghaziuddin, M.; Gerstein, L. Pedantic speaking style differentiates Asperger syndrome from high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. December 1996, 26 (6): 585–595. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 8986845. doi:10.1007/bf02172348.

[:0-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Shriberg, L. D.; Paul, R.; McSweeny, J. L.; Klin, A. M.; Cohen, D. J.; Volkmar, F. R. Speech and prosody characteristics of adolescents and adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. October 2001, 44 (5): 1097–1115. Bibcode:10.1.1.385.7116 请检查|bibcode=值 (帮助). ISSN 1092-4388. PMID 11708530. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/087).

[:2-9] Villiers, Jessica; Fine, Jonathan; Ginsberg, Gary; Vaccarella, Liezanne; Szatmari, Peter. Brief report: a scale for rating conversational impairment in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. August 2007, 37 (7): 1375–1380. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 17082976. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0264-1.

[10] Covington, Michael A.; He, Congzhou; Brown, Cati; Naçi, Lorina; McClain, Jonathan T.; Fjordbak, Bess Sirmon; Semple, James; Brown, John. Schizophrenia and the structure of language: the linguist's view. Schizophrenia Research. 2005-09-01, 77 (1): 85–98. Bibcode:10.1.1.532.2190 请检查|bibcode=值 (帮助). ISSN 0920-9964. PMID 16005388. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016.

[11] Jeffrey A. Lieberman, T. Scott Stroup, Diana O. Perkins, American Psychiatric Publishing The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of schizophrenia - 435 pages American Psychiatric Pub, 2006 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-58562-191-9

[12] S. Akhtar and J. Anderson Thomson, "Overview :Narcissistic personality Disorder" American Journal of Psychiatry 139:1 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved 2012-01-12

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生硬言语

参考文献

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