为解答公众對红宝石山脊事件的疑问,从1995年9月6日到1995年10月19日,美国参议院的恐怖主义、技术和政府信息小组委员会(英語:Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information)举行了共计14天的听证会,并在随后发布了一份报告,呼吁美国联邦政府改革执法以防止同類事件发生,以恢复公众对联邦政府执法的信心[3]。值得注意的是,1993年的韦科惨案与此事件具有一定相似性,部分涉及的政府部門及指揮官與本次事件相同。
1984年,兰迪·韦弗和邻居泰瑞·基尼森(英語:Terry Kinnison)在交易價值超过3,000美元的土地时产生纠纷。基尼森败诉,並需向韦弗額外支付賠償及法庭費用2,100美元。随后,基尼森写信向联邦调查局、美国特勤局和县治安官警长舉報,称韦弗曾扬言要杀死教宗若望·保禄二世、总统与爱达荷州州长约翰·V·埃文斯(英语:John V. Evans)[9]。1985年1月,联邦调查局和美国特勤局对此事展开调查[10]。同年2月12日,韦弗夫妇接受了两名联邦调查局特工、两名特勤局特工、邦德里县警长及其首席调查员长达数小时的面谈[11]。特勤局得到的情報称韦弗是雅利安国的成员,而且住所貯藏了大量武器储备,但韦弗否认指控。最终韦弗没有受到任何的控告。[10]
Randy Weaver和Kevin Harris的辩护律师声称,在整个1993年的审判中,ATF,美国法警和联邦调查局的特工们犯了严重错误,导致司法部(DOJ)创建了“红宝石岭特遣部队”并在1994年6月10日发表一个542页的报告递交给OPR。虽然删节的版本流传在一个对律师的信息服务机构Lexis Counsel Connect上,[74]但是报告全文从来没有被官方发布过。问题仍旧存留在红宝石岭事件和随后的Waco的围攻(Waco siege),其中涉及相同的机构和许多相同的政府部门。参议院恐怖主义,技术和政府信息的小组委员会举行了14天的听证会,结束于1995年10月19日。听证会由CSPAN播出并确认了由司法部OPR报告引起的许多问题。[75]
劫后余生
1994年内部的红宝石山脊专责小组报告和1995年的公共的参议院小组委员会对于红宝石山脊事件的报告均批评交战规则是违宪的。一份1995年关于联邦执法机构使用武力的美国政府问责办公室的报告指出:“在1995年10月,财政部和司法部通过使用致命武力政策来规范其组成机构多年来已采取的各项政策。” 主要的变化是要求有合理理由相信死亡或严重的身体伤害“迫在眉睫”,这让所有的联邦执法机关采取的致命武力的政策符合美国最高法院适用于国家和地方的LE机构的裁决(Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 18 (1985) and Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989))。[76]
§B. The Failure of Weaver to Appear for Trial (2. Statement of Facts, subsection c.; or passim);
§C. Efforts by the Marshals Service to Effect the Arrest of Weaver (2. Statement of Facts, subsections a., g.);
§D. Marshals Service Activities Between August 17 and 21, 1992 (2. Statement of Facts, subsection c.; 3. Discussion, subsections a., c.; 4. Conclusion; or passim)
§F. FBI's Rules of Engagement and Operations on August 21 and 22, 1992 (2. Statement of Facts, subsections a.-g.; 3. Discussion, subsection a; or passim);
§H. Law Enforcement Operations at Ruby Ridge From August 22, 1992 Until August 31, 1992 (2. Statement of Facts, subsection b.); and
§L. Scope of the Indictment and Alleged Prosecutorial Misconduct Before the Grand Jury (passim).
VI. Chronology of Events (passim).
注:网上可以找到一些内容基本相同的其他来源,仅仅在标题和介绍部分有所不同。
Ruby Ridge Task Force (November 9, 2006 rel.) [ June 10, 1994]. Report of the Ruby Ridge Task Force to the Office of Professional Responsibility [OPR] of Investigation of Allegations of Improper Governmental Conduct in the Investigation, Apprehension and Prosecution of Randall C. Weaver and Kevin L. Harris [OPR legacy, highly redacted version] (PDF series)使用|format=需要含有|url= (帮助) (报告). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
^US DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, June 10, 1994, IV. Specific Issues Investigated, B. The Failure of Weaver to Appear for TriaL, 2. Statement of Facts, c. February 20, 1991 - The Rescheduled Trial Date. "On February 20, Howen and defense counsel Hofmeister appeared before U.S. District Court Judge Harold L. Ryan. At that time, Hofmeister told the court that he had been unable to contact Weaver."
^RRTF, Report of the RRTF to the OPR (1994), Ch. IV., §B.2.b.(2), pp. 40-43. 原文:“Indeed, it was not until over a year later that the marshals learned of this action.”
^Jesse Walter, Ruby Ridge, ReganBooks, 2002, p. 132.
^DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, June 10, 1994, attributes the quote "if a man enters my property with a gun to do me harm, you can bet that I'm going to shoot him to protect myself" to Weaver citing Report of Investigation by Mays, March 6, 1991, at 2, and also notes "Law enforcement regarded the Griders as "more radical and dangerous than Weaver." See Addendum to Enforcement Division Daily Report, February 28, 1991, at 1."
^US DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report June 10, 1994 quotes the report of Dr. Walter J. Stenning, May 13, 1991, (sic)ing all references to "Mr. Randall" and the "Randall" family and noting "Dr. Stenning appears to have relied on information already amassed and did not conduct an independent investigation."
^April 5, 1995 memorandum by Deputy Attorney General Jamie Gorelick, April 5, 1995, cited in Ruby Ridge: Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 1995.
^DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, June 10, 1994, Section VI Chonology of Events.
^DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, Section IV Specific Issues Investigated, C. Efforts by the Marshals Service to Effect the Arrest of Weaver, foot note 246.
^Mike Weland, "An Interview with the Randy Weaver Family", Bonners Ferry Herald, May 2, 1992.
^DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, June 10, 1994, footnote 1196: "Only one of the four people in the helicopter thought he heard shots; the other three heard nothing of were certain that the helicopter had not taken fire. A photographer in the helicopter saw someone gesture at the helicopter and thought he heard two shots on a boom microphone. FD-302 Interview of Dave Marlin, September 16, 1992. However, another passenger said that no shots has been fired and that "it would have been 'grossly unfair' to accuse the Weavers of shooting." FD-302 Interview of
Richard Weiss, September 11 & 18, 1992, at 1–2; see FD-302 Interview of Brooke Skulski, September 28, 1992. Weaver denied that shots had been fired at the helicopter. "Fugitive: No Surrender," Cour D'Alene Press, May 3, 1992, at 1. Deputy _____ was on the property on the day of the alleged shooting, but was unaware of any evidence that shots had been fired. See Report of Investigation by Mays, April 18, 1992." (Typos present in download of Task Force Report from Lexis Counsel Connect.)
^DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, Section IV Specific Issues Investigated, L. Scope of the Indictment and Alleged Prosecutorial Misconduct before the Grand Jury.
^Jess Walter, Ruby Ridge, HarperCollins-ReganBooks, 2002, page 158. ISBN 0-06-000794-X.
^DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, 10 June 1994, p.112. (IV. Specific Issues Investigated D. Marshals Service Activities Between August 17 and August 21, 1992 2. Statement of Facts b. Shooting at the "Y" (d). The OP Team
^D.O.J. Office of Professional Responsibility Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, Page 121 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
^Ruby Ridge: Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information, 1995, Section B. United States Marshal Service, 5. August 21, 1992 Firefight, pp. 38–49
^ 53.053.1Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility, Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, June 10, 1994, Section IV. Specific Issues Investigated, D. Marshals Service Activities Between August 17 and August 21, 1992.
^ 54.054.1Randy and Sara Weaver, Federal Siege at Ruby Ridge: In Our Own Words, Ruby Ridge Inc. 1998)
^DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report June 10, 1994. USMS Crisis Center Log August 21, 1992 placed US Border Patrol among respondents at Ruby Ridge.
^DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report June 10, 1994, page 235.
^Department of Justice Office of Professional Responsibility Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, (June 10, 1994), Section IV. Specific Issues Investigated, F. FBI’S Rules of Engagement and Operations on August 21 and August 22, 1992.
^DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, Section IV Specific Issues Investigated, F. FBI's Rules of Engagement and Operations on August 21 and August 22, 1992, pp. 156–193, and 200–208.
^Jess Walter, Every Knee Shall Bow, HarperCollins, 1998. p. 190.
^DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, Section IV Specific Issues Investigated, F. FBI's Rules of Engagement and Operations on August 21 and August 22, 1992, pp. 156–193, 200–208.
^US DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, June 10, 1994, IV. Specific Issues Investigated, F. FBI's Rules of Engagement and Operations on August 21 and August 22, 1992, 2. Statement of Facts, f. Placement of HRT Sniper/Observers in Area Surrounding the Weaver Cabin
^ 65.065.1Witkin, Gordon. The nightmare of Idaho's Ruby Ridge. US News & World Report. 1995-09-11.使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
^ 66.066.1Bill Hewitt, "A time to heal", People Weekly, September 25, 1995
^Concurring, the Ruby Ridge: Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 1995 stated: "Legality of the Second Shot – The Subcommittee believes that the second shot was inconsistent with the FBI's standard deadly force policy and was unconstitutional. It was even inconsistent with the special Rules of Engagement."
^Danny Coulson and Elaine Shannon, No Heroes: Inside the FBI's Secret Counter-Terror Force, Pocket Books, 1999, 2002, ISBN 978-0-671-02062-0 .
^DOJ OPR Ruby Ridge Task Force Report, Jun 10, 1994, Section VI Chronology of Events.
^Ruby Ridge: Report of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information, 1995, INTRODUCTION: "In the summer of 1995, the Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Government Information announced that it would hold public hearings into allegations that several branches of the Departments of Justice and the Treasury had engaged in serious criminal and professional misconduct in the investigation, apprehension and prosecution of Randall Weaver and Kevin Harris at Ruby Ridge, Idaho."
^United States General Accounting Office, GAO Report to the House Subcommittee on Treasury, USE OF FORCE: ATF Policy, Training and Review Process Are Comparable to DEA’s and FBI’s, March 1996.
Atrocities at Ruby Ridge: the Randy Weaver Story, Produced by KPOC-TV 1995; VHS tape distributed by The FOREND Times, Inc.
A&E NetworkAmerican Justice series, episode 047 – "Deadly Force": A look at controversial law enforcement policy. Features the police bombing of the MOVE headquarters in Philadelphia, which killed 11, and the shootings of Randy Weaver's wife and son at Ruby Ridge. Bill Kurtis hosts.
"Ruby Ridge Investigation", by Nightline 1995, ABC News; ASIN: B00005BK47