然而在西元452年的阿爾勒會議(英语:Council of Arles (452))中出現了「若奴隸自殺不能降罪於主子」的聲明。[5]在古希臘也有著一些引領了天主教徒對於自殺的仇視的思想家,如畢達哥拉斯及亞里斯多德。畢達哥拉斯認為世上能供人使用的靈魂是有限的,如果有人突然的死亡將會導致靈魂的分配失衡。而亞里斯多德則譴責自殺對於社會是有損的,社會將會損失該自殺者所能帶來的勞動力等資源。
緊接著在中世紀,天主教會開始絕罰那些自殺未遂者,而自殺死亡者的遺體則會被丟在「受淨化後的」墳場外面。[6]在此期間教會裡對於那些殉教者的行為算不算是自殺也展開了漫長的討論,例如那些在哥德華殉教(英语:Martyrs of Córdoba)中的死者算不算是罪人。1670年,路易十四對於自殺死亡者的處置方法發布了更嚴重的處罰條例:將死者遺體面部向著地面拖行著遊街示眾,最後把遺體掛在垃圾場上或著直接丟到垃圾堆裡,並且還要將死者的財產全數充公。[7][8]
^Danielle Gourevitch, "Suicide among the sick in classical antiquity." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 43.6 (1969): 501-518.
^John D. Papadimitriou, et al. "Euthanasia and suicide in antiquity: viewpoint of the dramatists and philosophers." Journal of the Royal Society of medicine 100.1 (2007): 25-28. online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
^Anton J. L. Van Hooff, From autothanasia to suicide: Self-killing in classical antiquity (Routledge, 2002).
^Hefele, Charles Joseph. A History of the Councils of the Church Clark, Edinburg, 1883, Canon 53.
^Gwen Seabourne, and Alice Seabourne, "The law on suicide in medieval England." Journal of Legal History 21.1 (2000): 21-48.
Bähr, Andreas. "Between “Self-Murder” and “Suicide”: The Modern Etymology of Self-Killing." Journal of Social History 46.3 (2013): 620-632. Argues Suicide” is a modern concept--emerging in English in 1650s and in French and Spanish in late 18th century.
Crocker, Lester G. "The discussion of suicide in the eighteenth century." Journal of the History of Ideas (1952): 13#1 pp 47–72. online
Healy, Róisín. "Suicide in early modern and modern Europe." Historical Journal 49.3 (2006): 903–919. online (the link is legit)
Kästner, Alexander. "Saving Self-Murderers: Lifesaving Programs and the Treatment of Suicides in Late Eighteenth-Century Europe." Journal of Social History 46.3 (2013): 633–650.
Laragy, Georgina. "'A Peculiar Species of Felony': Suicide, Medicine, and the Law in Victorian Britain and Ireland." Journal of Social History 46.3 (2013): 732–743.
Merrick, Jeffrey. "Rescued from the river: attempted suicide in late eighteenth-century Paris." Histoire sociale/Social history 49.98 (2016): 27–47. online
Rosen, George. "History in the study of suicide." Psychological Medicine 1.4 (1971): 267–285.
Vandekerckhove, Lieven. "The Decriminalization of Suicide in 18th Century Europe." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice vol. 6, no. 3, 1998, pp. 252–266. HeinOnline, online.
Watt, Jeffrey Rodgers. From Sin to Insanity: Suicide in Early Modern Europe (2004)