Para 是一个梵文词,在某些情况下表示“更高”,在其他情况下表示“至高无上”。[3]
印度教中的梵(Brahman)意味着绝对,宇宙中的终极实在。[4][5]在印度教哲学的主要流派中,它是所有存在的物质的、能力的、形式的最终原因。[5][6]梵是吠陀经中的一个关键概念,在早期的奥义书[7]和吠檀多不二论文献中得到了广泛的论述。[8]
^Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European languages, Oxford University Press, Article on Para
^James Lochtefeld, Brahman, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. ISBN978-0823931798, page 122
^ 5.05.1PT Raju (2006), Idealistic Thought of India, Routledge, ISBN978-1406732627, page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII
^For dualism school of Hinduism, see: Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions, Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0199738724, pages 51-58, 111-115;
For monist school of Hinduism, see: B Martinez-Bedard (2006), Types of Causes in Aristotle and Sankara, Thesis - Department of Religious Studies (Advisors: Kathryn McClymond and Sandra Dwyer), Georgia State University, pages 18-35
^Stephen Philips (1998), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida (Editor; Edward Craig), Routledge, ISBN978-0415187077, pages 1-4
^Michael Comans (2002), The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN978-8120817227, pages 129-130, 216-231