^The red-and-yellow-striped banner flew over the city of Algiers in 1776 according to an article (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) in The Flag Bulletin, Volume 25 (1986), p. 166. F. C. Leiner, The End of Barbary Terror: America's 1815 War Against the Pirates of North Africa (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 7, describes a green flag with white crescent and stars being raised on Algerian pirate vessels in 1812. According to Tarek Kahlaoui, Creating the Mediterranean: Maps and the Islamic Imagination (Brill, 2018), p. 216, the city of Algiers is represented by a flag of red, yellow and green horizontal stripes in an Ottoman atlas of 1551. According to an 1849 engraving (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Gustav Feldweg, the former Algerian flag was an arm holding a sword on a red field and the flag of the Algerian corsairs was a skull and crossbones on the same field. See also Historical flags of Algeria (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).