路德成功地在萨克森、勃兰登堡和西里西亚发动反犹运动。1536年8月,路德所在地的王公、萨克森选侯寬容者約翰·腓特烈颁布一个法律,禁止犹太人在他的领地居住、从事商业活动或穿过他的领地。一个阿尔萨斯的调解者、拉比名叫“罗塞姆的约泽尔”(Josel of Rosheim),他要求改革家沃尔夫冈·卡皮托(Wolfgang Capito)与路德交涉,以便王公能听到他们的说话,但路德拒绝了每次洽谈。[5]在回应约泽尔时,路德提到他未能成功地让犹太人归信:“……我愿意为你们尽最大努力,但我不想通过自己行为而让你们犹太人更加顽固。你必须找到另一个中间人。”[6]Heiko Oberman指出这一事件对于理解路德对犹太人的态度是重要的:“即使在今天,这种拒绝往往认为是在路德职业生涯中从友好对待犹太人到敌对犹太人的决定性转折点。”[7]
马丁·路德关于犹太人的主要作品是65000字的论著《论犹太人及其谎言》(Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen)和《论不可知的名与基督的世代》
(Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlech,这个作品在他一生重印了五次),它们都写在1543年,这是他死前的三年。[10]一般认为,路德受到了安东·玛格丽塔(Anton Margaritha)的书《犹太信仰的全部》(Der Gantze Jüdisch Glaub)影响。[11]玛格丽塔(Margaritha)是改信基督教路德宗的信徒,他于1530年出版了反犹主义的书籍,路德1539年读到此作品。1530年在查理五世和他的宫廷前进行公开辩论中,[12]玛格丽塔的书被罗塞姆的约泽尔决定性地否定了,这导致玛格丽塔被驱逐出帝国。
1543年,路德的王公、萨克森选侯约翰·弗雷德里克撤销了他在1539年“罗塞姆的约泽尔”的一些让步。路德的影响在他死后继续存在着。诺伊马尔克的边疆伯爵勃兰登堡-库斯特伦的约翰(John of Brandenburg-Küstrin)废除了犹太人在其领土上的通行权。黑森的伯爵菲力在他的《关于犹太人的命令》中增加了限制。保罗·约翰逊(Paul Johnson)写道,路德的追随者在1572年洗劫了柏林,次年,犹太人被整个国家禁止。[哪個/哪些?]在整个1580年代,骚乱导致了犹太人从几个德国路德宗国驱逐。
克里斯托弗·普罗布斯特(Christopher J. Probst)在他的著作《恶魔化犹太人:纳粹德国的路德和新教教会》(“Demonizing the Jews:Luther and the Protestant Church in Nazi Germany(2012)”)中表明,在纳粹第三帝国期间,大量德国路德宗神职人员和神学家使用了路德对犹太人和犹太教充满敌意的作品来部分地证明国家社会主义反犹政策的合理性。[34]在出版于1940年的作品中,海因里希·希姆莱带着敬佩地写到路德关于犹太人的作品和布道。[35]纽伦堡市在1937年给纳粹报纸《冲锋报》的编辑尤利乌斯·施特莱彻送上了《论犹太人及其谎言》的第一版,作为生日礼物;该报纸将它描述为最激进的反犹出版物。[36]它在纽伦堡党代会的玻璃柜中公开展出,E.H. Schulz博士和R. Frercks博士在54页的对“雅利安法”的解释中引用到这个作品。[37]1941年12月17日,七个路德宗地区教会联合组织发表声明,同意强迫犹太人带上黄色徽章的政策,“自从路德的痛苦经验后,他[强烈]建议对犹太人采取预防措施,将他们驱逐出德国领土。”
在《路德宗季刊》的一篇文章中,瓦伦曼(Wallmann)认为,路德的《论犹太人及其谎言》和《反对遵守安息日的人》在十八世纪末和十九世纪初基本被反犹主义者忽略。他认为,约翰·安德烈亚斯·艾森门格(Johann Andreas Eisenmenger)和1711年在他在死后出版的《揭开犹太教》 “是十九世纪和二十世纪反犹主义的主要证据来源”,这些影响“将路德的反犹主义作品变得默默无闻”。在这本200页的作品中,艾森门格没有提到路德。[43]
路德宗教会与犹太人欧洲委员会(European Lutheran Commission on the Church and the Jewish People,LutherischeEuropäischeKommission Kirche und Judentum)是一个代表了欧洲二十五个路德教会机构的兼容并包的组织,它于2003年5月12日发表了《对真理(Dabru Emet)的回应》:
2004年1月6日,美国福音路德会的路德-犹太关系协商小组发表声明,敦促所有路德会教会的受难戏剧应该遵守他们的《路德-犹太关系的指导方针》(Guidelines for Lutheran-Jewish Relations),并指出“新约……不能用来作为对现今犹太人敌意的理由,”而且,“耶稣死亡的责任不应归因于犹太教或犹太人。”[98]
参见
基督教与反犹主义
Christian–Jewish reconciliation
On War Against the Turk, a 1528 book by Martin Luther with a stronger condamnation of Jews than of the Ottoman Empire.
^Luther's Works, Jaroslav Pelikan, Helmut T. Lehmann, Christopher Boyd Brown, Benjamin T.G. Mayes, eds., 75 vols., (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Press; Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1955– ), 58:458–459.
^Mark U. Edwards, Jr. Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics, 1531–46 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983), pp. 135–136.
^"The assertion that Luther's expressions of anti-Jewish sentiment have been of major and persistent influence in the centuries after the Reformation, and that there exists a continuity between Protestant anti-Judaism and modern racially oriented antisemitism, is at present wide-spread in the literature; since the Second World War it has understandably become the prevailing opinion."
^Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung," in Büttner (ed), Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997).
^Himmler wrote: "what Luther said and wrote about the Jews.
^Ellis, Marc H. [2]互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2007-07-10.Hitler and the Holocaust, Christian Anti-Semitism", (NP: Baylor University Center for American and Jewish Studies, Spring 2004), Slide 14.
^Helmut T. Lehmann, gen. ed., Luther's Works, Vol. 47: The Christian in Society IV, edited by Franklin Sherman, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971), iii.
^cited in Franklin Sherman, Faith Transformed: Christian Encounters with Jews and Judaism, edited by John C Merkle, (Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2003), 63–64.
^ Wallmann, Johannes. "The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century", Lutheran Quarterly, n.s. 1 (Spring 1987) 1:72–97. Wallmann writes: "The assertion that Luther's expressions of anti-Jewish sentiment have been of major and persistent influence in the centuries after the Reformation, and that there exists a continuity between Protestant anti-Judaism and modern racially oriented antisemitism, is at present wide-spread in the literature; since the Second World War it has understandably become the prevailing opinion."
^Johannes Wallmann, "The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th century", Lutheran Quarterly, n.s. 1 (Spring 1987) 1:72–97.
^Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung," in Büttner (ed), Die Deutchschen und die Jugendverfolg im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997).
^William Nichols, Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate (Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1995), p. 271.
^William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 91, 236
^Uwe Siemon-Netto, The Fabricated Luther: The Rise and Fall of the Shirer Myth, (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1995), 17–20.
^Richard Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945, (Cambridge University Press, 2003), p.138.
^Richard (Dick) Geary, Who voted for the Nazis? (electoral history of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, in History Today, October 1, 1998, Vol.48, Issue 10, pp. 8–14.
^Heiko Oberman, The Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Age of Renaissance and Reformation (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), p.46.
^Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), p.482.
^Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, Volume 1, Chapter VIII
Among them must be counted the great warriors in this world who, though not understood by the present, are nevertheless prepared to carry the fight for their ideas and ideals to their end.
^Wilhelm Röpke. The Solution to the German Problem. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1946: 117.
^> Waite, Robert G.L. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler.
^Luther, On the Jews and Their Lies, quoted in Robert Michael, "Luther, Luther Scholars, and the Jews," Encounter 46 (Autumn 1985) No.4:343–344.
^Martin Brecht, Martin Luther, 3 vols., Volume three: The Preservation of the Church 1532–1546, (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993), 3:350.
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