1898年威尔明顿大屠杀

1898年威尔明顿大屠杀
1898年威尔明顿大屠杀
	白种暴徒在被摧毁的每日记录（The Daily Record）报社前合影
位置	威尔明顿
坐标	34°13′24″N 77°54′44″W / 34.2233°N 77.9122°W
日期	1898年11月10日
目標	非裔美国人居民; 黑人企业家; 当选的联合主义者（英语：Fusion Party#Fusion Party in North Carolina）; 每日记录报（The Daily Record）;
類型	縱火; 攻击; 谋杀; 政治恐怖主义; 政治宣传; 破壞财产／盗窃; 大範圍的恐嚇;
武器	加特林机枪; 400多支私人枪支;
死亡	估计14-300名黑人居民被杀
被害人	大约2000名黑人平民流离失所; 大約20名聯合主義者被放逐; 报社被烧毁;
主謀	"The Secret Nine"; Charles Aycock（英语：Charles Brantley Aycock）; Furnifold Simmons（英语：Furnifold McLendel Simmons）; 约瑟夫斯·丹尼尔斯（The News & Observer（英语：The News & Observer）的所有者）; Alfred M. Waddell（英语：Alfred M. Waddell）;
行凶者	红衫军; 暴徒白人平民; 威尔明顿轻步兵团;
參與者	2,000
動機	美國重建時期期间社会、经济和政治权力的转变; 白人優越主義;
	攻击的目的：(1) 推翻民选的种族融合政府; (2) 恢复美國內戰前時期的种族等级制度（英语：Racial hierarchy）

1898年威尔明顿大屠杀^[6]是指在该年11月10日，一场因为白人優越主義在威尔明顿发起的大规模暴动和叛乱。^[7]威尔明顿的白人媒体通常将其描述为一次因为黑人引起的种族暴乱（race riot（英语：race riot））。20世纪末以来的研究认为该事件是一场政变，因为此事件中由一群白人至上主义者通过暴力推翻了經正式选举产生的政府。

政变由该州的白人民主党人密谋并领导，最终目标是推翻威尔明顿經合法选举产生的种族融合政府。^[1]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]他们将反对派的黑人和白人政治领导人驱逐出该市，摧毁了自南北战争重建以来黑人公民的财产和企业，包括该市唯一由黑人主导的报纸，并杀害了约60至300多人。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] 因此被认为是美国历史上唯一的此类事件（政变）^[13]^[14]，因为其他在美國重建時期的冲突并没有导致民选政府被非政府人员所替代。

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Collins, Lauren. A Buried Coup d'État in the United States. The New Yorker. September 19, 2016 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-21）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Coates, Ta-Nehisi. Black Pathology Crowdsourced: Why we need historians in debates about today's cultures. April 4, 2014 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-19）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 John DeSantis, "Wilmington, N.C., Revisits a Bloody 1898 Day" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The New York Times, pp. 1 and 33, June 4, 2006, accessed August 23, 2012
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 McCoury, Kent. Alfred Moore Waddell (1834–1912). North Carolina History Project. [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-09）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Watson, Richard L. Jr. Lindsey Butler; Alan Watson , 编. Furnifold Simmons and the Politics of White Supremacy. In Race, Class and Politics in Southern History: Essays in Honor of Robert F. Durden, Jeffrey Crow et al (Louisiana State University Press). 1989.
^ Waggoner, Martha. Marker calls 1898 violence a 'coup,' not a 'race riot'. ABC News. 5 November 2019 [8 November 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-09）（英语）. The state of North Carolina is moving away from using the phrase "race riot" to describe the violent overthrow of the Wilmington government in 1898 and is instead using the word "coup" on the highway historical marker that will commemorate the dark event. "You don't call it that anymore because the African Americans weren't rioting," said Ansley Herring Wegner, administrator of the North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program. "They were being massacred."
^ When white supremacists overthrew a government, [2019-09-08], （原始内容存档于2020-06-23）（英语）
^ Brent Staples. When Democracy Died in Wilmington, N.C.. The New York Times. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-10）.
^ How The Only Coup D'Etat In U.S. History Unfolded. National Public Radio. August 17, 2008 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-30）.
^ LaFrance, Adrienne; Newkirk, Vann R. II. The Lost History of an American Coup D'État. The Atlantic. August 12, 2017 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-28）.
^ LeRae Umfleet. Wilmington Race Riot. NCPedia. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-13）.
^ Ronnie W. Faulkner. The Wilmington Race riot – 1898. NC Office of Archives and History. 2010 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-10）.
^ Will Doran. White supremacists took over a city – now NC is doing more to remember the deadly attack. The News & Observer. January 1, 2018 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-28）.
^ Andrew Morgan Benton. The Press and the Sword: Journalism, Racial Violence, and Political Control in Postbellum North Carolina (PDF). North Carolina State University. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-07-03）.

[NewYorker-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Collins, Lauren. A Buried Coup d'État in the United States. The New Yorker. September 19, 2016 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-21）.

[cf._Atlantic_Online-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Coates, Ta-Nehisi. Black Pathology Crowdsourced: Why we need historians in debates about today's cultures. April 4, 2014 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-19）.

[DeSantis-3] 3.0 ^3.1 John DeSantis, "Wilmington, N.C., Revisits a Bloody 1898 Day" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The New York Times, pp. 1 and 33, June 4, 2006, accessed August 23, 2012

[NCHP-4] 4.0 ^4.1 McCoury, Kent. Alfred Moore Waddell (1834–1912). North Carolina History Project. [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-09）.

[Furn-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Watson, Richard L. Jr. Lindsey Butler; Alan Watson , 编. Furnifold Simmons and the Politics of White Supremacy. In Race, Class and Politics in Southern History: Essays in Honor of Robert F. Durden, Jeffrey Crow et al (Louisiana State University Press). 1989.

[6] Waggoner, Martha. Marker calls 1898 violence a 'coup,' not a 'race riot'. ABC News. 5 November 2019 [8 November 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-09）（英语）. The state of North Carolina is moving away from using the phrase "race riot" to describe the violent overthrow of the Wilmington government in 1898 and is instead using the word "coup" on the highway historical marker that will commemorate the dark event. "You don't call it that anymore because the African Americans weren't rioting," said Ansley Herring Wegner, administrator of the North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program. "They were being massacred."

[7] When white supremacists overthrew a government, [2019-09-08], （原始内容存档于2020-06-23）（英语）

[NYT-8] Brent Staples. When Democracy Died in Wilmington, N.C.. The New York Times. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-10）.

[NPR-9] How The Only Coup D'Etat In U.S. History Unfolded. National Public Radio. August 17, 2008 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-30）.

[Atlantic-10] LaFrance, Adrienne; Newkirk, Vann R. II. The Lost History of an American Coup D'État. The Atlantic. August 12, 2017 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-28）.

[Pedia-11] LeRae Umfleet. Wilmington Race Riot. NCPedia. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-13）.

[Pedia2-12] Ronnie W. Faulkner. The Wilmington Race riot – 1898. NC Office of Archives and History. 2010 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-10）.

[Coup-13] Will Doran. White supremacists took over a city – now NC is doing more to remember the deadly attack. The News & Observer. January 1, 2018 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-28）.

[Sword-14] Andrew Morgan Benton. The Press and the Sword: Journalism, Racial Violence, and Political Control in Postbellum North Carolina (PDF). North Carolina State University. 2006 [2021-06-13]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-07-03）.

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1898年威尔明顿大屠杀

参考文献

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