C++20

C++ language revisions

C++20 is a version of the ISO/IEC 14882 standard for the C++ programming language. C++20 replaced the prior version of the C++ standard, called C++17, and was later replaced by C++23.[1] The standard was technically finalized[2] by WG21 at the meeting in Prague in February 2020,[3] had its final draft version announced in March 2020,[4] was approved on 4 September 2020,[5][6] and published in December 2020.[7]

Features

C++20 adds more new major features than C++14 or C++17.[8] Changes that have been accepted into C++20 include:[9]

Language

  • concepts,[10] with terse syntax[11]
  • modules[12]
  • designated initializers[13] (based on the C99 feature, and common g++ extension)
  • [=, this] as a lambda capture[14]
  • template parameter lists on lambdas[15]
  • three-way comparison using the "spaceship operator", operator <=>
  • initialization of an additional variable within a range-based for statement[16]
  • lambdas in unevaluated contexts[17][18]
  • default constructible and assignable stateless lambdas[17][19]
  • allow pack expansions in lambda init-capture[17][20]
  • class types in non-type template parameters, also allowing string literals as template parameters[21]
  • removing the need for typename in certain circumstances[22]
  • new standard attributes [[no_unique_address]],[23] [[likely]] and [[unlikely]][24]
  • conditional explicit, allowing the explicit modifier to be contingent on a Boolean expression[25]
  • expanded constexpr: virtual functions,[26] union,[27] try and catch,[28] dynamic_cast and typeid,[29] std::pointer_traits[30]
  • immediate functions using the new consteval keyword[31]
  • signed integers are now defined to be represented using two's complement (signed integer overflow remains undefined behavior)[32]
  • a revised memory model[33]
  • various improvements to structured bindings (interaction with lambda captures, static and thread_local storage duration)[34][35]
  • coroutines[36]
  • using on scoped enums[37]
  • constinit keyword[38]

Library

  • ranges (The One Ranges Proposal)[39]
  • std::make_shared and std::allocate_shared for arrays[40]
  • atomic smart pointers (such as std::atomic<shared_ptr<T>> and std::atomic<weak_ptr<T>>)[41]
  • std::to_address to convert a pointer to a raw pointer[42]
  • calendar and time-zone additions to <chrono>[43]
  • std::span, providing a view to a contiguous array (analogous to std::string_view but span can mutate the referenced sequence)[44]
  • std::erase and std::erase_if, simplifying element erasure for most standard containers[45]
  • <version> header[46]
  • std::bit_cast<> for type casting of object representations, with less verbosity than memcpy() and more ability to exploit compiler internals[47]
  • feature test macros[48]
  • various constexpr library bits[49]
  • smart pointer creation with default initialization[50]
  • contains-method for associative containers[51]
  • bit operations, such as leading/trailing zero/one count,[52] and log2 operations[53][54][55]
  • std::bind_front[56]

New and changed keywords

Many new keywords added (and the new "spaceship operator", operator <=>), such as concept, constinit,[38] consteval, co_await, co_return, co_yield, requires (plus changed meaning for export), and char8_t (for UTF-8 support).[57] And explicit can take an expression since C++20.[58] Most of the uses of the volatile keyword have been deprecated.[59]

In addition to keywords, there are identifiers with special meaning, including new import and module.

New attributes in C++20: [[likely]], [[unlikely]], and [[no_unique_address]][60]

Removed and deprecated

Removed features:[61]

  • The C-derived headers <ccomplex>, <ciso646>, <cstdalign>, <cstdbool> and <ctgmath> were removed, as they serve no purpose in C++. (The corresponding <*.h> headers remain, for compatibility with C.)
  • The use of throw() as an exception specification was removed.
  • Some previously deprecated library features were removed, including std::uncaught_exception, std::raw_storage_iterator, std::is_literal_type, std::is_literal_type_v, std::result_of and std::result_of_t.

Deprecated features:

  • Use of comma operator in subscript expressions has been deprecated[62]
  • (most of) volatile has been deprecated[59]

Published as Technical Specifications

  • Parallelism TS v2[63] (including task blocks)
  • Reflection TS v1[64]
  • Networking TS v1[65]

Deferred to a later standard

  • Contracts – a new study group (SG21) has been formed to work on a new proposal[66]
  • Reflection[67][68]
  • Metaclasses[69]
  • Executors[70]
  • Networking extensions,[71][72] including async, basic I/O services, timers, buffers and buffer-oriented streams, sockets, and Internet protocols (blocked by executors)
  • Properties[73]
  • Extended futures[74]

Compiler support

Full support[75]

  • Visual Studio 2019 supports all C++20 features through its /std:c++latest option, as of version 16.10.0.[76] An option /std:c++20 to enable C++20 mode is added in version 16.11.0.[77][78]

Microsoft's compiler supports not only Windows but also Linux, Android, and iOS. However, for Linux development, it requires the "Visual C++ for Linux Development" extension. [79]

Partial

  • Clang has partial C++20 support that can be enabled with the option -std=c++20 (version 10 and later) or -std=c++2a (version 9 and earlier).[80]
  • EDG started implementing C++20 features in version 5.0 and as of version 6.1 supports most C++20 core language features.[81]
  • GCC added partial, experimental C++20 support in 2017[82] in version 8 through the option -std=c++2a. Like Clang, GCC replaced this option with -std=c++20 in version 10. It also has an option to enable GNU extensions in addition to the experimental C++20 support, -std=gnu++20.[83]

History

Changes applied to the C++20 working draft in July 2017 (Toronto) include:[84]

  • concepts (what made it into the standard is a cut-down version; also described as "Concepts Lite"[85])
  • designated initializers
  • [=, this] as a lambda capture
  • template parameter lists on lambdas
  • std::make_shared and std::allocate_shared for arrays

Changes applied to the C++20 working draft in the fall meeting in November 2017 (Albuquerque) include:[86][87]

  • three-way comparison using the "spaceship operator", operator <=>
  • initialization of an additional variable within a range-based for statement
  • lambdas in unevaluated contexts
  • default constructible and assignable stateless lambdas
  • allow pack expansions in lambda init-capture
  • string literals as template parameters
  • atomic smart pointers (such as std::atomic<shared_ptr<T>> and std::atomic<weak_ptr<T>>)
  • std::to_address to convert a pointer to a raw pointer

Changes applied to the C++20 working draft in March 2018 (Jacksonville) include:[88]

  • removing the need for typename in certain circumstances
  • new standard attributes [[no_unique_address]], [[likely]] and [[unlikely]]
  • calendar and time-zone additions to <chrono>
  • std::span, providing a view to a contiguous array (analogous to std::string_view but span can mutate the referenced sequence)
  • <version> header

Changes applied to the C++20 working draft in the summer meeting in June 2018 (Rapperswil) include:[89]

  • contracts (later deferred to a later standard)[90]
  • feature test macros
  • bit-casting of object representations, with less verbosity than memcpy() and more ability to exploit compiler internals
  • conditional explicit, allowing the explicit modifier to be contingent on a Boolean expression
  • constexpr virtual functions

Changes applied to the C++20 working draft in the fall meeting in November 2018 (San Diego) include:[91]

  • ranges (The One Ranges Proposal)
  • concept terse syntax
  • constexpr union, try and catch, dynamic_cast, typeid and std::pointer_traits.
  • various constexpr library bits
  • immediate functions using the new consteval keyword
  • signed integers are now defined to be represented using two's complement (signed integer overflow remains undefined behavior)
  • refinements of the contracts facility (access control in contract conditions)[92] (see list of features deferred to a later standard)
  • a revised memory model
  • smart pointer creation with default initialization

Changes applied to the C++20 working draft in the winter meeting in February 2019 (Kona) include:[93][94][95]

  • coroutines
  • modules
  • various improvements to structured bindings (interaction with lambda captures, static and thread_local storage duration)

Changes applied to the C++20 working draft in the summer meeting in July 2019 (Cologne) include:[96][97][98][99]

  • contracts were removed (see list of features deferred to a later standard)[100]
  • use of comma operator in subscript expressions has been deprecated[62]
  • constexpr additions (trivial default initialization,[101] unevaluated inline-assembly[102])
  • using scoped enums[37]
  • various changes to the spaceship operator[103][104]
  • DR: minor changes to modules[105]
  • constinit keyword
  • changes to concepts (removal of -> Type return-type-requirements[106])
  • (most of) volatile has been deprecated[59]
  • DR: [[nodiscard]] effects on constructors[107]
  • The new standard library concepts will not use PascalCase (rather standard_case, as the rest of the standard library)[108]
  • text formatting (std::format, [109][110] chrono integration,[111] corner case fixes[112])
  • bit operations[52]
  • constexpr INVOKE[113]
  • math constants[114]
  • consistency additions to atomics (std::atomic_ref<T>,[115] std::atomic<std::shared_ptr<T>>[116])
  • add the <=> operator to the standard library[117]
  • header units for the standard library[118]
  • synchronization facilities[119] (merged from: Efficient atomic waiting and semaphores,[120] latches and barriers,[121] Improving atomic_flag,[122] Don't Make C++ Unimplementable On Small CPUs[123])
  • std::source_location[124]
  • constexpr containers (std::string,[125] std::vector[126])
  • std::stop_token and joining thread (std::jthread)[127]

Changes applied during the NB comment resolution in the fall meeting in November 2019 (Belfast) include:[128][129][130][131]

  • Class Types in Non-Type Template Parameters (NTTP): The restriction of no user-defined operator== allowed has been removed as the meaning of template argument equality has been divorced from operator==.[132] This allows also for array members in class-type NTTP.
  • Floating-point types,[133] pointers and references and unions and union-like classes (class types containing anonymous unions) are now allowed as NTTP.
  • Function identity now also includes trailing requires-clauses (P1971)
  • Constrained non-template functions have been removed
  • <compare> is now available in freestanding implementations[134]
  • std::spans typedef was changed from index_type to size_type to be consistent with the rest of the standard library[135]
  • Concept traits have been renamed to follow the renaming of the concepts as a result from the Cologne meeting
  • Several fixes and additions to ranges (P1456R1: Move-only views,[136] P1391R4: Range constructor for std::string_view (constructor from iterator-pair of characters),[137] P1394R4: Range constructor for std::span<ref>,[138] P1870R1: forwarding-range<T> is too subtle[139])
  • Initialization for std::atomic<T> has been changed to make it work with default and list initialization,[140] std::latch and std::barrier can now report the maximum number of threads that the implementation supports through the new member function max()
  • std::weak_equality and std::strong_equality have been removed as they are not used anymore
  • Algorithms in <numeric> have been made constexpr
  • Missing feature-test macros for new or changed features of C++20 have been added[141]

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Index: pl ar de en es fr it arz nl ja pt ceb sv uk vi war zh ru af ast az bg zh-min-nan bn be ca cs cy da et el eo eu fa gl ko hi hr id he ka la lv lt hu mk ms min no nn ce uz kk ro simple sk sl sr sh fi ta tt th tg azb tr ur zh-yue hy my ace als am an hyw ban bjn map-bms ba be-tarask bcl bpy bar bs br cv nv eml hif fo fy ga gd gu hak ha hsb io ig ilo ia ie os is jv kn ht ku ckb ky mrj lb lij li lmo mai mg ml zh-classical mr xmf mzn cdo mn nap new ne frr oc mhr or as pa pnb ps pms nds crh qu sa sah sco sq scn si sd szl su sw tl shn te bug vec vo wa wuu yi yo diq bat-smg zu lad kbd ang smn ab roa-rup frp arc gn av ay bh bi bo bxr cbk-zam co za dag ary se pdc dv dsb myv ext fur gv gag inh ki glk gan guw xal haw rw kbp pam csb kw km kv koi kg gom ks gcr lo lbe ltg lez nia ln jbo lg mt mi tw mwl mdf mnw nqo fj nah na nds-nl nrm nov om pi pag pap pfl pcd krc kaa ksh rm rue sm sat sc trv stq nso sn cu so srn kab roa-tara tet tpi to chr tum tk tyv udm ug vep fiu-vro vls wo xh zea ty ak bm ch ny ee ff got iu ik kl mad cr pih ami pwn pnt dz rmy rn sg st tn ss ti din chy ts kcg ve
Prefix: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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