CSS grid layout

CSS Grid
CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1
	A depiction of a typical webpage layout using CSS floats.
Abbreviation	Grid, grid layout
Native name	CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1
Status	W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft
First published	April 7, 2007
Latest version	Level 1; December 18, 2020
Preview version	Level 2; March 14, 2023
Organization	W3C
Committee	CSS Working Group
Editors	Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika J. Etemad; Rossen Atanassov; Oriol Brufau; Alex Mogilevsky; Phil Cupp; Markus Mielke;
Base standards	CSS
Domain	CSS
Website	www.w3.org/TR/css-grid-1/

In Cascading Style Sheets, CSS grid layout or CSS grid creates complex responsive web design grid layouts more easily and consistently across browsers.^[6] Historically, there have been other methods for controlling web page layout methods, such as tables, floats, and more recently, CSS Flexible Box Layout (flexbox). CSS grid is currently not an official standard (it is a W3C Candidate Recommendation) although it has been adopted by the recent versions of all current major browsers.^[7]

Motivation

CSS grid can create more robust and flexible layouts than the previous options like CSS floats. It also allows for more standardized code that works across browsers. This is in contrast to relying on specific browser hacks or complicated workarounds.^[2]

One issue with exploiting floats in CSS is that if content gets added to one portion of the page it could disrupt the flow of the page and break the layout. This is due to the varying heights for layout elements.^[2] Though flexbox supports flexible layouts and provides the flexibility of creating complex layouts, it fails when the need for creating responsive layouts in 2-dimensional space arises.

History

The first comprehensive draft of a grid layout for CSS was created by Phil Cupp at Microsoft in 2011 and implemented in Internet Explorer 10 behind a -ms- vendor prefix. The syntax was restructured and further refined through several iterations in the CSS Working Group, led primarily by Elika Etemad and Tab Atkins Jr. The feature was widely adopted by web developers after evangelism led primarily by Rachel Andrew and Jen Simmons.^[8]

Browser support

As of October 2017, Chrome, Firefox, Safari and Edge all support CSS grid without vendor prefixes.^[9]^[10]^[11] IE 10 and 11 support CSS grid but with an outdated specification. On mobile, all modern browsers support CSS grid except for Opera Mini.^[12] Web developers targeting older browsers can utilize Modernizr 3.5.0 to detect and gracefully degrade the webpage as needed.^[13]

Utilization in frameworks

Tailwind CSS incorporates CSS grid into its utilities for controlling how elements are sized and placed.^[14] However many other current web frameworks do not incorporate CSS grid, such as Bootstrap 4 and Foundation 6.^[15]

the fr unit

The "fr" unit is often used with CSS grid layout.^[16]^[17]^[18] The "fr" unit, part of the CSS grid layout specification, represents a fraction of the leftover space in the grid container.^[2]

Examples

"Holy grail" layout

The following is an example of the "holy grail" layout:

HTML

<html>
<style>
div { border: 1px solid; }
body {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 10em auto 10em;
    grid-template-areas: 
        "header header header"
        "left   middle right"
        "footer footer footer";
}
</style>
<body>
    <div style="grid-area: header">The header</div>
    <div style="grid-area: footer">The footer</div>
    <div style="grid-area: left">The left panel</div>
    <div style="grid-area: middle; height: 200px">The main content area</div>
    <div style="grid-area: right">The right panel</div>
</body>
</html>

Output

Table of values

The following is an example of a table of values:

HTML

<html>
<style>
.wrapper {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
    grid-gap: 0.5em;
}
div { 
    border: 1px solid; 
}
</style>
<body>
    <div class="wrapper">
        <h3>Header1</h3><h3>Header2</h3><h3>Header3</h3>
        <div>value11</div><div>value12</div><div>value13</div>
        <div>value21</div><div>value22</div><div>value23</div>
        <div>value31</div><div>value32</div><div>value33</div>
        <div>value41</div><div>value42</div><div>value43</div>
        <div>value51</div><div>value52</div><div>value53</div>
        <div>value61</div><div>value62</div><div>value63</div>
        <div>value71</div><div>value72</div><div>value73</div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

Output

A simple implementation of the CSS Grid layout demonstrating a table layout

References

^ "CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1 Publication History - W3C". W3C. n.d. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Atkins Jr., Tab; J. Etemad, Elika; Atanassov, Rossen; Brufau, Oriol; Mogilevsky, Alex; Cupp, Phil; Mielke, Markus, eds. (2021-12-18). "CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1". W3C. W3C Working Group. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
^ ^a ^b Atkins Jr., Tab; J. Etemad, Elika; Atanassov, Rossen, eds. (2023-03-14). "CSS Grid Layout Module Level 2". W3C. CSS Working Group. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
^ Mogilevsky, Alex; Cupp, Phil; Mielke, Markus; Glazman, Daniel, eds. (2011-04-07). "Grid Layout". W3C. CSS Working Group. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
^ Mogilevsky, Alex; Mielke, Markus, eds. (2007-09-05). "CSS Grid Positioning Module Level 3". W3C. CSS Working Group. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
^ "CSS Grid – Table layout is back. Be there and be square". Google Developers. January 2017. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
^ "CSS Grid Layout (level 1) | Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc". caniuse.com. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ Gustafson, Aaron (2017-10-19). "The Story of CSS Grid, from Its Creators". A List Apart. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
^ Anderson, Kareem (13 September 2017). "Microsoft's newest browser gets a significant boost with EdgeHTML 16". Retrieved 7 October 2017.
^ Protalinski, Emil (9 March 2017). "Chrome 57 arrives with CSS Grid Layout and API improvements | VentureBeat". VentureBeat. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
^ "CSS Grid Layout". Can I Use. n.d. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
^ ""grid" | Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc".
^ Ateş, Faruk (2017-04-13). "Modernizr 3.5.0". Modernizr News. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
^ "Grid Column Start / End - Tailwind CSS". Retrieved 2021-04-13.
^ Goetter, Raphael (2017-02-16). "Flexbox grids and frameworks". GitHub Gist. Archived from the original on 2017-02-16. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
^ Alligator.io (2020-09-03). "CSS Grid Layout: The Fr Unit". DigitalOcean. DigitalOcean. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
^ Marcotte, Ethan (2018-07-18). "Fractional. — Ethan Marcotte". Ethan Marcotte. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
^ Rendle, Robin (2017-06-12). "An Introduction to the 'fr' CSS unit". CSS-Tricks. Retrieved 2021-04-09.