Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

Paradigm summaries

A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.

  • Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or futures
    • Actor programming – concurrent computation with actors that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behaviour)
  • Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
  • Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets)
  • Declarative programming – describes what computation should perform, without specifying detailed state changes cf. imperative programming (functional and logic programming are major subgroups of declarative programming)
  • Distributed programming – have support for multiple autonomous computers that communicate via computer networks
  • Functional programming – uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
  • Generic programming – uses algorithms written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated as needed for specific types provided as parameters
  • Imperative programming – explicit statements that change a program state
  • Logic programming – uses explicit mathematical logic for programming
  • Metaprogramming – writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
    • Template metaprogramming – metaprogramming methods in which a compiler uses templates to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled
    • Reflective programming – metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself
  • Object-oriented programming – uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
    • Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
    • Prototype-based – object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
  • Pipeline programming – a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none
  • Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
  • Visual programming – manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink); also termed diagrammatic programming[1]

Language overview

List of multi-paradigm programming languages
Language
Paradigm count
Concurrent
Constraints
Dataflow
Declarative
Distributed
Functional
Metaprogramming
Generic
Imperative
Logic
Reflection
Object-oriented
Pipelines
Visual
Rule-based
 Other
Ada[2][3][4][5][6] 5 Yes[a 1] — — — Yes — — Yes Yes — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
ALF 2 — — — — — Yes — — — Yes — — — — — —
AmigaE
[citation needed]		 2 — — — — — — — — Yes — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
APL 3 — — — — — Yes — — Yes — — — — — — Array (multi-dimensional)
BETA
[citation needed]		 3 — — — — — Yes — — Yes — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
C++ 7 (15) Yes[7][8][9] Library[10] Library[11][12] Library[13][14] Library[15][16] Yes Yes[17] Yes[a 3] Yes Library[18][19] Library[20] Yes[a 2] Library[21] — Library[22] Array (multi-dimensional; using STL)
C# 6 (7) Yes — Library[a 4] — — Yes[a 5] — Yes Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — Reactive[a 6]
ChucK
[citation needed]		 3 Yes — — — — — — — Yes — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
Claire 2 — — — — — Yes — — — — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
Clojure 5 Yes[23][24] — — Yes — Yes[25] Yes[26] — — Library[27] — — Yes[28] — — Multiple dispatch,[29] Agents[30]
Common Lisp 7 (14) Library[31] Library[32] Library[33] Yes[34] Library[35] Yes Yes Yes[36] Yes Library[37] Yes Yes[a 7][a 2][38] Library[39] Library[40] Library[41] Multiple dispatch, meta-OOP system,[42] Language is extensible via metaprogramming.
Curl 5 — — — — — Yes — Yes[a 3] Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — —
Curry 4 Yes Yes — — — Yes — — — Yes — — — — — —
D (version 2.0)[43][44] 7 Yes[a 8] — — — — Yes Yes[45][a 3] Yes[a 3] Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — —
Delphi 3 — — — — — — — Yes[a 3] Yes — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
Dylan
[citation needed]		 3 — — — — — Yes — — — — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — —
E 3 Yes — — — Yes — — — — — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
ECMAScript[46][47] (ActionScript, E4X, JavaScript, JScript) 4 (5) Partial[a 9][a 10] — — Library[48][49] — Yes — — Yes — Yes Yes[a 11] Library[50][51] — — Reactive,[a 12][52] event driven[a 13][a 14]
Erlang 3 Yes — — Yes Yes Yes — — — — — — Yes — — —
Elixir 4 Yes — — — Yes Yes Yes — — — — — Yes — — —
Elm 6 Yes — Yes Yes — Yes (pure)[a 15] — Yes — — — — Yes — — Reactive
F# 7 (8) Yes[a 8] — Library[a 4] Yes — Yes — Yes Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — Reactive[a 6]
Fortran 4 (5) Yes — — — — Yes[a 15] — Yes[a 16] — — — Yes[a 2] — — — Array (multi-dimensional)
Go 4 Yes — — — — — — — Yes — Yes — Yes — — —
Haskell 8 (15) Yes Library[53] Library[54] Yes Library[55] Yes (lazy) (pure)[a 15] Yes[56] Yes Yes Library[57] — Partial[a 17] Yes Yes Library[58] Literate, reactive, dependent types (partial)
Io 4 Yes[a 8] — — — — Yes — — Yes — — Yes[a 11] — — — —
J
[citation needed]		 3 — — — — — Yes — — Yes — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
Java 6 Yes Library[59] Library[60] — — Yes — Yes Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — —
Julia 9 (17) Yes Library[61] Library[62][63] Library[64] Yes Yes (eager) Yes Yes Yes Library[65] Yes Partial[a 18] Yes — Library[66][67] Multiple dispatch,
Array (multi-dimensional); optionally lazy[68] and reactive (with libraries)
Kotlin 8 Yes — — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes — — —
LabVIEW 4 Yes — Yes — — — — — — — — Yes — Yes — —
Lava 2 — — — — — — — — — — — Yes[a 2] — Yes — —
LispWorks (version 6.0 with support for symmetric multi-processing, rules, logic (Prolog), CORBA) 9 Yes — — — Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes[a 2] — — Yes —
Lua
[citation needed]		 3 — — — — — Yes — — Yes — — Yes[a 11] — — — —
MATLAB 6 (10) Toolbox[69] Toolbox[70] Yes[71] — Toolbox[72] — Yes[73] Yes[74] — — Yes[75] Yes[76] — Yes[77] — Array (multi-dimensional)
Nemerle 7 Yes — — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — —
Object Pascal 4 Yes — — — — Yes — — Yes — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
OCaml 4 — — — — — Yes — Yes Yes — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
Oz 11 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — Yes Yes — Yes[a 2] Yes — Yes —
Perl
[citation needed]		 8 (9) Yes[78] — Yes[79] — — Yes Yes — Yes — Yes[a 2] Yes[a 2] Yes — — —
PHP[80][81][82] 4 — — — — — Yes — — Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — —
Poplog 3 — — — — — Yes — — Yes Yes — — — — — —
Prograph 3 — — Yes — — — — — — — — Yes[a 2] — Yes — —
Python 5 (10) Library[83][84] Library[85] — — Library[86] Yes Yes[87][88] Yes[89][90] Yes Library[91] Yes Yes[a 2] — — — Structured
R 4 (6) Library[92] — — — Library[93] Yes — — Yes — Yes Yes Yes[94] — — Array (multi-dimensional)
Racket 10 Yes[95] Yes[96] Yes[97] — Yes[98] Yes Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes — — — Lazy[99]
Raku 10 Yes[100] Library[101] Yes[102] — Library[103] Yes Yes[104] Yes[105] Yes — Yes[106] Yes[107] Yes — — Multiple dispatch, lazy lists, reactive.
ROOP 3 — — — — — — — — Yes Yes — — — — Yes —
Ruby 5 — — — — — Yes Yes — Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — —
Rust (version 1.0.0-alpha) 6 Yes[a 8] — — — — Yes Yes[108][109] Yes[110] Yes — — Yes — — — Linear, affline, and ownership types
Sather
[citation needed]		 2 — — — — — Yes — — — — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
Scala[111][112] 9 Yes[a 8] — Yes[a 19] Yes — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — —
Simula
[citation needed]		 2 — — — — — — — — Yes — — Yes[a 2] — — — —
SISAL 3 Yes — Yes — — Yes — — — — — — — — — —
Spreadsheets 2 — — — — — Yes — — — — — — — Yes — —
Swift 7 Yes — — — — Yes Yes Yes Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — Block-structured
Tcl with Snit extension
[citation needed]		 3 — — — — — Yes[113] — — Yes — — Yes[a 11][114] — — — —
Visual Basic .NET 6 (7) Yes — Library[a 4] — — Yes — Yes Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] — — — Reactive[a 6]
Windows PowerShell 6 — — — — — Yes — Yes Yes — Yes Yes[a 2] Yes — — —
Wolfram Language & Mathematica 13[115] (14) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[116] — Yes Knowledge Based

See also

Notes

  1. ^ rendezvous and monitor-like based
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai class-based
  3. ^ a b c d e template metaprogramming
  4. ^ a b c using TPL Dataflow
  5. ^ only lambda support (lazy functional programming)
  6. ^ a b c using Reactive Extensions (Rx)
  7. ^ multiple dispatch, method combinations
  8. ^ a b c d e actor programming
  9. ^ promises, native extensions
  10. ^ using Node.js' cluster module or child_process.fork method, web workers in the browser, etc.
  11. ^ a b c d Prototype-based
  12. ^ using Reactive Extensions (RxJS)
  13. ^ in Node.js via their events module
  14. ^ in browsers via their native EventTarget API
  15. ^ a b c purely functional
  16. ^ parameterized classes
  17. ^ immutable
  18. ^ Uses structs with function polymorphism and multiple dispatch
  19. ^ Akka Archived 2013-01-19 at the Wayback Machine

Citations

  1. ^ Bragg, S.D.; Driskill, C.G. (20–22 September 1994). "Diagrammatic-graphical programming languages and DoD-STD-2167A". Proceedings of AUTOTESTCON '94 (IEEEXplore). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). pp. 211–220. doi:10.1109/AUTEST.1994.381508. ISBN 978-0-7803-1910-3. S2CID 62509261.
  2. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization
  3. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3 Annex E: Distributed Systems
  4. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 12: Generic Units
  5. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 6: Subprograms
  6. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions
  7. ^ Thread support
  8. ^ Atomics support
  9. ^ Memory model
  10. ^ Gecode
  11. ^ SystemC
  12. ^ Boost.Iostreams
  13. ^ Boolinq
  14. ^ "AraRat" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
  15. ^ OpenMPI
  16. ^ Boost.MPI
  17. ^ Boost.MPL
  18. ^ LC++
  19. ^ Castor Archived 2013-01-25 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Reflect Library
  21. ^ N3534
  22. ^ Boost.Spirit
  23. ^ Clojure - Concurrent Programming
  24. ^ Clojure - core.async
  25. ^ Clojure - Functional Programming
  26. ^ Clojure - Macros
  27. ^ Clojure - core.logic
  28. ^ Clojure - Threading Macros Guide
  29. ^ Multimethods and Hierarchies
  30. ^ Agents and Asynchronous Actions
  31. ^ "concurrency". CLiki.
  32. ^ [1] constraint programming inside CL through extensions
  33. ^ [2] dataflow extension
  34. ^ [3] by creating DSLs using the built-in metaprogramming; also see note on functional, constraint and logic paradigms, which are part of declarative
  35. ^ [4] MPI, etc via language extensions
  36. ^ template metaprogramming using macros (see C++)
  37. ^ [5] [6] [7] Prolog implemented as a language extension
  38. ^ Common Lisp Object System see Wikipedia article on CLOS, the Common Lisp Object System.
  39. ^ implemented by the user via a short macro, example of implementation
  40. ^ - Visual programming tool based on Common Lisp
  41. ^ [8] rule-based programming extension
  42. ^ [9] Archived 2018-04-26 at the Wayback Machine through the Meta Object Protocol
  43. ^ D Language Feature Table
  44. ^ Phobos std.algorithm
  45. ^ D language String Mixins
  46. ^ The Little JavaScripter demonstrates fundamental commonality with Scheme, a functional language.
  47. ^ Object-Oriented Programming in JavaScript Archived 2019-02-10 at the Wayback Machine gives an overview of object-oriented programming techniques in JavaScript.
  48. ^ "React – A JavaScript library for building user interfaces". 2019-04-08.
  49. ^ "TNG-Hooks". GitHub. 2019-04-08.
  50. ^ "Lodash documentation". 2019-04-08.
  51. ^ "mori". 2019-04-08.
  52. ^ "TNG-Hooks". GitHub. 2019-04-08.
  53. ^ "Prolog embedding". Haskell.org.
  54. ^ "Functional Reactive Programming". HaskellWiki.
  55. ^ Cloud Haskell
  56. ^ "Template Haskell". HaskellWiki.
  57. ^ "Logict: A backtracking logic-programming monad". Haskell.org.
  58. ^ Kollmansberger, Steve; Erwig, Martin (30 May 2006). "Haskell Rules: Embedding Rule Systems in Haskell" (PDF). Oregon State University.
  59. ^ https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=331 JSR 331: Constraint Programming API
  60. ^ https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/DataflowJavaSDK Google Cloud Platform Dataflow SDK
  61. ^ "JuliaOpt/JuMP.jl". GitHub. JuliaOpt. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  62. ^ "GitHub - MikeInnes/DataFlow.jl". GitHub. 2019-01-15.
  63. ^ "GitHub - JuliaGizmos/Reactive.jl: Reactive programming primitives for Julia". GitHub. 2018-12-28.
  64. ^ https://github.com/davidanthoff/Query.jl Query almost anything in julia
  65. ^ https://github.com/lilinjn/LilKanren.jl A collection of Kanren implementations in Julia
  66. ^ "GitHub - abeschneider/PEGParser.jl: PEG Parser for Julia". GitHub. 2018-12-03.
  67. ^ "GitHub - gitfoxi/Parsimonious.jl: A PEG parser generator for Julia". GitHub. 2017-08-03.
  68. ^ Lazy https://github.com/MikeInnes/Lazy.jl
  69. ^ "Execute loop iterations in parallel". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  70. ^ "Write Constraints". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  71. ^ "Getting Started with SimEvents". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  72. ^ "Execute loop iterations in parallel". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  73. ^ "Execute MATLAB expression in text - MATLAB eval". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  74. ^ "Determine class of object". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  75. ^ "Class Metadata". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  76. ^ "Object-Oriented Programming". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  77. ^ "Simulink". mathworks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  78. ^ interpreter based threads
  79. ^ Higher Order Perl
  80. ^ PHP Manual, Chapter 17. Functions
  81. ^ PHP Manual, Chapter 19. Classes and Objects (PHP 5)
  82. ^ PHP Manual, Anonymous functions
  83. ^ "Parallel Processing and Multiprocessing in Python". Python Wiki. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  84. ^ "threading — Higher-level threading interface". docs.python.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  85. ^ "python-constraint". pypi.python.org. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  86. ^ "DistributedProgramming". Python Wiki. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  87. ^ "Chapter 9. Metaprogramming". chimera.labs.oreilly.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  88. ^ "Metaprogramming". readthedocs.io. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  89. ^ "PEP 443 – Single-dispatch generic functions". python.org. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  90. ^ "PEP 484 – Type Hints". python.org. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  91. ^ "PyDatalog". Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  92. ^ "Futureverse".
  93. ^ "future batchtools".
  94. ^ "Magrittr: A Forward Pipe Operator for R". cran.r-project.org\access-date=13 July 2017. 17 November 2020.
  95. ^ Racket Guide: Concurrency and Synchronization
  96. ^ The Rosette Guide
  97. ^ FrTime: A Language for Reactive Programs
  98. ^ Racket Guide: Distributed Places
  99. ^ Lazy Racket
  100. ^ Channels and other mechanisms
  101. ^ "Problem Solver module".
  102. ^ Feed operator
  103. ^ https://github.com/perl6/doc/issues/1744#issuecomment-360565196 Cro module
  104. ^ "Meta-programming: What, why and how". 2011-12-14.
  105. ^ https://perl6advent.wordpress.com/2009/12/18/day-18-roles/ Parametrized Roles
  106. ^ "Meta-object protocol (MOP)".
  107. ^ https://docs.perl6.org/language/classtut Classes and Roles
  108. ^ "The Rust macros guide". Rust. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  109. ^ "The Rust compiler plugins guide". Rust. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  110. ^ The Rust Reference §6.1.3.1
  111. ^ An Overview of the Scala Programming Language
  112. ^ Scala Language Specification
  113. ^ "Tcl Programming/Introduction". en.wikibooks.org. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  114. ^ "TCLLIB - Tcl Standard Library: snitfaq". sourceforge.net. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  115. ^ Notes for Programming Language Experts, Wolfram Language Documentation.
  116. ^ External Programs, Wolfram Language Documentation.

References

  • Jim Coplien, Multiparadigm Design for C++, Addison-Wesley Professional, 1998.
Index: pl ar de en es fr it arz nl ja pt ceb sv uk vi war zh ru af ast az bg zh-min-nan bn be ca cs cy da et el eo eu fa gl ko hi hr id he ka la lv lt hu mk ms min no nn ce uz kk ro simple sk sl sr sh fi ta tt th tg azb tr ur zh-yue hy my ace als am an hyw ban bjn map-bms ba be-tarask bcl bpy bar bs br cv nv eml hif fo fy ga gd gu hak ha hsb io ig ilo ia ie os is jv kn ht ku ckb ky mrj lb lij li lmo mai mg ml zh-classical mr xmf mzn cdo mn nap new ne frr oc mhr or as pa pnb ps pms nds crh qu sa sah sco sq scn si sd szl su sw tl shn te bug vec vo wa wuu yi yo diq bat-smg zu lad kbd ang smn ab roa-rup frp arc gn av ay bh bi bo bxr cbk-zam co za dag ary se pdc dv dsb myv ext fur gv gag inh ki glk gan guw xal haw rw kbp pam csb kw km kv koi kg gom ks gcr lo lbe ltg lez nia ln jbo lg mt mi tw mwl mdf mnw nqo fj nah na nds-nl nrm nov om pi pag pap pfl pcd krc kaa ksh rm rue sm sat sc trv stq nso sn cu so srn kab roa-tara tet tpi to chr tum tk tyv udm ug vep fiu-vro vls wo xh zea ty ak bm ch ny ee ff got iu ik kl mad cr pih ami pwn pnt dz rmy rn sg st tn ss ti din chy ts kcg ve
Prefix: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Portal di Ensiklopedia Dunia

Portal : Agama
Agama
Portal : Bahasa
Bahasa
Portal : Biografi
Biografi
Portal : Budaya
Budaya
Portal : Ekonomi
Ekonomi
Portal : Elektronika
Elektronika
Portal : Film
Film
Portal : Filsafat
Filsafat
Portal : Geografi
Geografi
Portal : Indonesia
Indonesia
Portal : Ilmu
Ilmu
Portal : Lingkungan
Lingkungan
Portal : Masyarakat
Masyarakat
Portal : Matematika
Matematika
Portal : Militer
Militer
Portal : Mitologi
Mitologi
Portal : Musik
Musik
Portal : Olahraga
Olahraga
Portal : Pendidikan
Pendidikan
Portal : Politik
Politik
Portal : Sastra
Sastra
Portal : Sejarah
Sejarah
Portal : Seni
Seni
Portal : Teknologi
Teknologi

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya