History of the Jews in Serbia
The history of the Jews in Serbia is some two thousand years old. The Jews first arrived in the region during Roman times. The Jewish communities of the Balkans remained small until the late 15th century, when Jews fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions found refuge in the Ottoman-ruled areas, including Serbia. The community flourished and reached a peak of 33,000, of whom almost 90% were living in Belgrade and Vojvodina, before World War II. About two-thirds of Serbian Jews were murdered in The Holocaust. After the war, most of the remaining Jewish Serbian population emigrated, mainly to Israel. In the 2022 census, only 709 people declared themselves as Jewish. HistoryAntiquityJews first arrived on the territory of present-day Serbia in Roman times, although there is little documentation prior to the 10th century. Ottoman ruleThe Jewish communities of the Balkans were boosted in the 15th and 16th centuries by the arrival of Jewish refugees fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire welcomed the Jewish refugees into his Empire. Jews became involved in trade between the various provinces in the Ottoman Empire, becoming especially important in the salt trade.[2] In 1663, the Jewish population of Belgrade was around 800.[3] While the rest of modern-day Serbia was still ruled by the Ottoman Empire, territory of present-day Vojvodina was part of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1782, Emperor Joseph II issued the Edict of Tolerance, giving Jews some measure of religious freedom. The Edict attracted Jews to many parts of the Monarchy. The Jewish communities of Vojvodina flourished, and by the end of the 19th century the region had nearly 40 Jewish communities.[4] Principality of SerbiaMany Jews were involved in the Serbian Revolution, by supplying arms to the local Serbs, and the Jewish communities faced brutal reprisal attacks from the Ottoman Turks.[2] In 1804, when Karađorđe's forces invaded the Ottoman fortress of Smederevo, the Jews were expelled from Šabac and Požarevac. After Belgrade was liberated, the Jews fell victim to decades of discriminatory taxation and residential restrictions.[5] During the liberation of Belgrade, contrary to the strict orders issued by Serb leader Karađorđe, some of the rebels destroyed Jewish shops and synagogues. Some Jews were killed and a part of them was forcibly baptised. Elsewhere in Serbia, Serb rebels expelled Jews from towns and small places.[6]  In 1830, Serbia was granted autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. With the reclamation of the Serbian throne by the House of Obrenović under Miloš Obrenović in 1858, restrictions on Jewish merchants were again relaxed for some time, but only three years later they faced isolation and humiliation.[7] In 1861, Mihailo Obrenović inherited the throne and reinstated anti-Jewish restrictions.[2] In 1839, Jews were forbidden to open shops on Sundays and during Serbian holidays, causing them great damage because their shops were closed on Saturdays and all Jewish holidays.[8] In 1877 parliamentary election a Jewish candidate was elected to the National Assembly for the first time, after receiving the backing of all parties.[9][10] In the 1860s–70s, some Serbian newspapers began publishing anti-Jewish articles resulting in threats being raised against the Jews.[11] In 1862, a fight broke out between the Austrians and Serbians and Jews in Belgrade had their rights revoked, similar to local uprisings in the 1840s.[12] During the final stages of the 1877–1878 Serbo-Ottoman wars thousands of Jews emigrated or were expelled by the advancing Armed Forces of the Principality of Serbia along with Turkish and Albanian families. Kingdom of SerbiaIn 1879, the "Serbian-Jewish Singer Society" was founded in Belgrade to encourage Serbian-Jewish interaction and friendship. During World War I and World War II the choir was not allowed to perform. It was renamed "Baruch Brothers Choir" in 1950 and is one of the oldest Jewish choirs in the world still in existence.[13] The choir remains a symbol of community unification, although only 20% of the choir members are actually Jewish due to the dwindling Jewish population in the country (in World War II, half of the Jewish population of Serbia was killed).[14] By 1912, the Jewish community of Kingdom of Serbia stood at 5,000.[2] The waxing and waning of the fortunes of the Jewish community according to the ruler continued to the end of the 19th century, when the Serbian parliament lifted all anti-Jewish restrictions in 1889.[2] Serbian-Jewish relations reached a high degree of cooperation during World War I, when Jews and Serbs fought side by side against the Central Powers.[15] Some 132 Jews died in the Balkan Wars and World War I and in their honour a monument to them was erected in Belgrade at the Jewish Sephardic cemetery.[16] Jews in modern-day North Macedonia got their full citizen rights for the first time when the region became a part of Kingdom of Serbia.[17] Kingdom of Yugoslavia In the aftermath of World War I, Montenegro, Banat, Bačka, Syrmia, and Baranja joined Serbia through popular vote in those regions, and soon afterwards this enlarged Serbia united with State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (from which Syrmia had seceded to join Serbia) to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which was soon renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Serbia's relatively small Jewish community of 13,000 (including 500 in Kosovo), combined with the large Jewish communities of the other Yugoslav territories, numbering some 51,700.[18] Prior to World War II, some 31,000 Jews lived in Vojvodina. In Belgrade, Jewish community was 10,000-strong, 80% being Ladino-speaking Sephardi Jews, and 20% being Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews.[citation needed] In the inter-war period, the Jewish communities of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia flourished. The Vidovdan Constitution guaranteed equality to Jews, and the law regulated their status as a religious community.[19] World War II The Kingdom of Yugoslavia attempted to maintain neutrality during the period preceding World War II. Milan Stojadinović, the prime minister, tried to actively woo Adolf Hitler while maintaining the alliance with former Entente Powers, UK and France. Nonwithstanding overtures to Germany, Yugoslav policy was not anti-Semitic: for instance, Yugoslavia opened its borders to Austrian Jews following the Anschluss.[20] Under increasing pressure to yield to German demands for safe passage of its troops to Greece, Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, like Bulgaria and Hungary. Unlike the other two, the signatory government of Maček and Cvetković was overthrown three days later in a British-supported coup of patriotic, anti-German generals. The new government immediately rescinded the Yugoslav signature on the Pact and called for strict neutrality. German response was swift and brutal: Belgrade was bombed without the declaration of war on 6 April 1941 and German, Italian, Hungarian and Bulgarian troops invaded Yugoslavia. In German-occupied Serbia, German occupiers established concentration camps and extermination policies with the assistance of the puppet government of Milan Nedić.[21] The Nazi genocide against Yugoslav Jews began in April 1941.[22] The terriotry of Serbia was completely occupied by the Nazis. The main race laws in the State of Serbia were adopted on 30 April 1941: the Legal Decree on Racial Origins (Zakonska odredba o rasnoj pripadnosti). Jews from Syrmia were sent to Croatian camps, as were many Jews from other parts of Serbia. In rump Serbia, Germans proceeded to round up Jews of Banat and Belgrade, setting up a concentration camp across the river Sava, in the Syrmian part of Belgrade, then given to Independent State of Croatia. The Sajmište concentration camp was established to process and eliminate the captured Jews and Serbs. As a result, Emanuel Schäfer, commander of the Security Police and Gestapo in Serbia, famously cabled Berlin after last Jews were killed in May 1942: Serbien ist judenfrei.[23] Similarly, Harald Turner of the SS stated in 1942 that: Serbia is the only country in which the Jewish question and the Gypsy question has been solved.[24] By the time Serbia and Yugoslavia were liberated in 1944, most of the Serbian Jewry had been murdered. Of the 82,500 Jews of Yugoslavia alive in 1941, only 14,000 (17%) survived the Holocaust.[2] Of the Jewish population of 16,000 in the territory controlled by Nazi puppet government of Milan Nedić, police and secret services murdered approximately 14,500.[25][26]  There was a similar persecution of Jews in the territory of present-day Vojvodina, which was annexed by Hungary. In the 1942 raid in Novi Sad, the Hungarian troops killed many Jewish and non-Jewish Serb civilians in Bačka. Historian Christopher Browning who attended the conference on the subject of Holocaust and Serbian involvement stated: Serbia was the only country outside Poland and the Soviet Union where all Jewish victims were killed on the spot without deportation, and was the first country after Estonia to be declared "Judenfrei", a term used by the Nazis during the Holocaust to denote an area free of all Jews.[27] Serbian civilians were involved in saving thousands of Yugoslavian Jews during this period. Miriam Steiner-Aviezer, a researcher into Yugoslavian Jewry and a member of Yad Vashem's Righteous Gentiles committee states: "The Serbs saved many Jews."[28] As of 2022, Yad Vashem recognizes 139 Serbians as Righteous Among Nations, the highest number among Balkan countries.[29][30] According to Yad Vashem, the Chetniks initially had an ambivalent attitude towards Jews and, given their status early in the war as a resistance movement against Nazi occupation, a number of Jews served among the Chetnik ranks.[31] As the Yugoslav Partisans grew in number and power, the anti-communist Chetniks became increasingly collaborationist and Jewish Chetniks switched to the partisan ranks. Subsequently, after the first half of 1942, Chetnik propaganda with chauvinist and antisemitic themes became a constant.[32] In various places in Serbia in the period from the middle of 1942, several hundred Jews were hiding, mostly women and children. According to the testimonies of surviving Jews, the Chetniks of Draža Mihailović persecuted the Jews in that area, and took part in their killing.[33] On many occasions, the Chetniks also handed them over to the Germans.[34] Socialist YugoslaviaThe Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia was formed in the aftermath of World War II to coordinate the Jewish communities of post-war Yugoslavia and to lobby for the right of Jews to immigrate to Israel.[35] More than half of Yugoslav survivors chose to immigrate to Israel after World War II. Breakup of YugoslaviaPrior to the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s, approximately 2,500 Jews lived in Serbia,[2] mostly in Belgrade. The Jews of Serbia lived peacefully in Yugoslavia between World War II and the 1990s, when the breakup of Yugoslavia and ensuing civil wars occurred. Amid the Yugoslav Wars and international sanctions against Serbia, many Jews chose to immigrate to Israel and the United States. During the NATO bombing in 1999, the Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia relocated many of Belgrade's Jewish elderly, women and children to Budapest, Hungary, for their safety; many of them emigrated permanently.[4] David Bruce Macdonald states that Serbian nationalists used Jewish imagery, such as the Legend of Masada, in order to justify claims of Kosovo by comparing anti-semitism and serbophobia.[36] This theory is supported by Jovan Byford who writes that Serbian nationalists used the Jewish question for the martyrdom myth characteristic of Serbian nationalist discourse in the 1980s.[37] Contemporary periodManifestations of antisemitism in Serbia are relatively rare and isolated. According to the US State Department Report on Human Rights practices in Serbia for 2006: "Jewish leaders in Serbia reported rare incidents of anti-Semitism, including anti-Semitic graffiti, vandalism, small circulation anti-Semitic books, and Internet postings".[38] In 2013, downtown Belgrade was covered by posters, reportedly distributed by the Serbian branch of Blood & Honour, accusing Jews of being responsible for the 1999 NATO bombing of Serbia.[39] The Serbian state recognizes Judaism as one of the seven "traditional" religious communities of Serbia.[40] The only remaining functioning synagogues in Serbia are the Belgrade Synagogue and the Subotica Synagogue. DemographicsIn the 2022 census 709 people declared themselves as Jewish, while 602 stated their religion as Judaism.[41][42] About half of them live in Belgrade alone, while almost all the rest are found in Vojvodina (especially in its three largest cities: Novi Sad, Subotica and Pančevo). Demographic history of Jewish population in Serbia after World War II:[43]
The ethnicity results from the 2002 census:[44]
The religious affiliation results from the 2022 census:[45]
The Belgrade Synagogue continues to function as a synagogue. The Subotica Synagogue, once the fourth largest synagogue building in Europe, is now mainly a cultural space, but is available for services and other religious purposes.[46] The Novi Sad Synagogue has been converted into a cultural art space. Notable people
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